White Group

1. White Group • The involvement of the Military is good for computing • We are for the argument • Metrics • Faster • Lighter • Robust • Statistically more accurate • Improvements to communications

2. The White Team Leader - Jonathan Speaker 1 - Joe Ian Wayne Speaker 2 - Eoghan Robert Eleanor Speaker 3 - Conor Ross Anthony Jade Rebuttal - Ross Jonathan Other Tasks PowerPoint Jonathan and Ross

3. Our Argument • What does the motion mean? Definition of keywords. • Speaker 1 : Joe • World War 2 • Enigma • ArpaNET • Speaker 2 : Eoghan • DARPA • GPS • Servers n’ Chips • Speaker 3 : Conor • Cold War/Space Race • Apollo Guidance System • US & Russian Space Shuttles • Summary of Group’s Argument

4. Definitions • What does the motion mean? • That the military has created and enhanced computing through its funding. • That because the military has a no risk assessed profit agenda, high risk technologies can be developed. • Definition of keywords. ‘Good’ – not Bad ‘Military’ – Government Defense Department ‘Computer’ – A high-speed mathematical or logical operations device ‘Involvement’ – For use by or created/researched by

5. Speaker 2 - Joe • The technology used back from WW2 up to the 1960’s has been a foundation to modern day computing

6. World War 2 • German Military developed Enigma in 1929 • Code breaking needed to decipher German Messages • Alan Turing develops Colossus in 1943 • Bletchley Park BletchleyPark Enigma

7. ENIAC & EDVAC • ENIAC (Electronic Numerical Integrator Analyzer and Computer) • “The world's first electronic digital computer was developed by Army Ordnance to compute World War II ballistic firing tables.” -http://ftp.arl.mil/~mike/comphist/eniac-story.html • Start of project: 1943Completed: 1946 • First fully electronic decimal computer • Leaded to EDVAC • EDVAC (Electronic Discrete Variable Automatic Computer) • Start of project: 1946Completed: 1952 • Unlike ENIAC, it was the first with stored program space. • First fully electronic binary computer which is now standard to modern computing • First internally stored program computer which is now standard to modern computing EDVAC computer 1952 ENIAC Computer 1946

8. ARPANET • Advanced Research Projects Agency • Feb 7th 1958 (ARPAnet 1969) • Needed for decentralised command centres • A benefit of ARPANet's design was that, because messages could be routed or rerouted in more than one direction, the network could continue to function even if parts of it were destroyed in the event of a military attack or other disaster. • Critical to foundations of the internet • US Military • First Packet Switching Network • “A networking technology that breaks up a message into smaller packets for transmission and switches them to their required destination.” • According to Brendan T, he was one of the first persons to send data over a local area network Brendan T.

9. The Motion • These points have shown the motion to be TRUE in that ….. • Fundamental technology • First of it’s kind • Where was the likes of IBM? • Paradigm Shift

10. Speaker 2 - Eoghan • Improvement to communications • Advancement in progression in processing power • DARPA • neXt Generation (XG) Program • GPS • Servers n’ Chips Robust Computing

11. “The DARPA mission is to develop imaginative, innovative and often high-risk research ideas offering a significant technological impact that will go well beyond the normal evolutionary developmental approaches; and, to pursue these ideas from the demonstration of technical feasibility through the development of prototype systems.” • DARPA funded development of RISC • Budget – 2003- €2.14bn, 2005 - €2.4bn • neXt Generation (XG) Communication – • Allows multiple users use of wider spectrum • Web Ontology Language (OWL) – new web standard. • OWL provides a clear, machine-readable structure for the data in pages already published on the web

12. GPS Satellite • The first GPS Satellite was launched in 1978 • US Navy and Air Force created system of navigation, the result of which was GPS. Fully developed in 1994, GPS quickly became a commercial product.

13. Global Positioning System (GPS) • €3.7 billion sales (civilian) last year • USES: • In car navigation • Emergency response • Weather forecasting • Commercial fishing • Farming • 2000 – Bill Clinton removed • selective availability Vinny Cahill – JETS – Journey Estimation Time System Keywords: GPS, GIS, Map Matching GPS Device

14. Servers n’ Chips • ASCI WHITE IBM Nuclear Funding • Fastest at the time 1999 • Military put funds into computers instead of nuclear development IBM, Cray & Sun funded by DARPA($146m) to produce new breed of supercomputer in 2002 DARPA's latest idea is to nurture a new generation of supercomputers for national security and industrial uses • Colorado State University – funded by DARPA in last 4 years to produce a chip 600 times faster than the quickest Pentium. ASCI White Computer

15. The Motion • These points have shown the motion to be TRUE in that ….. • Improvements to Communications • The military, in particular DARPA has taken the computer industry into areas the commercial sector is too reluctant to consider. • Military is not motivated by profit, but development and innovation to improve technology.

16. Conor – Space Race • Pre-Space Race • "I think there is a world market for maybe five computers."- Thomas Watson, chairman of IBM, 1943 • "Computers in the future may weigh no more than 1.5 tons."- Popular Mechanics, 1949 • This view was held right up to the time of the space race • Post-Space Race • Miniaturisation • Robust • Faster • Lighter • Transportable

17. Cold War/Space Race • Cold War Propaganda • Apollo Guidance Systems Apollo Guidance System "I believe that this nation should commit itself to achieving the goal, before this decade is out, of landing a man on the moon and returning him safely to the Earth." — Pres. Kennedy, May 25, 1961

18. Apollo Guidance System • 1964 Oct 14 First Apollo guidance system shipped • In a letter to NASA Administrator James E. Webb, reported that the first Apollo guidance system completed acceptance testing and was shipped at 11:30p.m. and arrived at Downey, California, early the following day. AC reported that in more than 2,000 hours of operation they had found the system to be "remarkably reliable, accurate and simple to operate. • This shows that computers were now becoming more reliable, smaller and easy to use Apollo Guidance System

19. US & Russian Space Shuttles • Cold War Propaganda • Space craft need advanced computing solutions to deal with the challenges of space • The (Russian) Buran 1 (launched in 1988 ) mission was limited to 2 orbits due to computer memory limitations. • NASA • Mir Space Station, its first part launched in 1986 (last part launched in 1996) had been orbiting around the Earth right up to 2001(15 years) Columbia Space Craft MIR Space Station

20. Bibliography • www.bletchleypark.net/ • www.computerhistory.org/exhibits/ internet_history/index.page • ibasics-qna.netfirms.com/internet.html • www.darpa.mil/ • http://www.rand.org/publications/MR/MR614/MR614.appb.pdf • http://abcnews.go.com/sections/business/SciTech/forbes_gps_030403.html • www.news.com • www.IBM.com • www.cs.tcd.ie • http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apollo_Guidance_Computer • http://www.popular-science.net/history/buran.html • http://www.ddj.com/documents/s=1494/ddj0006hc/0101hc001.htm • www.nasa.gov • http://spaceflight.nasa.gov/history/shuttle-mir/spacecraft/s-mir.htm • http://www.russianspaceweb.com/chronology.html

21. Summary • That the military has created and enhanced computing through its funding. • This has been shown from the computers used for code breaking in WWII, right through to DARPA. • That because the military has a no risk assessed profit agenda, high risk technologies can be developed. • The Cold War/Space program has resulted in high risk technologies developed for space (smaller, faster, robust) being now used daily in modern computing we now have computers.