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Cellular Respiration

Cellular Respiration. glucose. ATP. Cellular Respiration. A catabolic, exergonic, oxygen (O 2 ) requiring process that uses energy extracted from macromolecules ( glucose) to produce energy (ATP ) and water (H 2 O). C 6 H 12 O 6 + 6O 2  6CO2 + 6H 2 O + energy. Question:.

louis-albert
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Cellular Respiration

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  1. Cellular Respiration

  2. glucose ATP Cellular Respiration • A catabolic, exergonic, oxygen (O2)requiringprocess that uses energyextracted frommacromolecules (glucose)to produceenergy (ATP)and water (H2O). C6H12O6 + 6O2 6CO2 + 6H2O + energy

  3. Question: • In what kinds organisms does cellular respiration take place?

  4. Plants and Animals • Plants - Autotrophs: self-producers. • Animals - Heterotrophs: consumers.

  5. Inner membrane space Matrix Cristae Outer membrane Inner membrane Mitochondria • Organelle where cellular respirationtakes place.

  6. Breakdown of Cellular Respiration • Four main parts (reactions). 1.Glycolysis (splitting of sugar) a. cytosol, just outside of mitochondria. 2.Grooming Phase a. migration from cytosol to matrix.

  7. Breakdown of Cellular Respiration 3.Krebs Cycle (Citric Acid Cycle) a. mitochondrial matrix 4.Electron Transport Chain (ETC) and Oxidative Phosphorylation a. Also called Chemiosmosis b. inner mitochondrial membrane.

  8. 1. Glycolysis • Occurs in thecytoplasm just outside of mitochondria. • Two phases (10 steps): A. Energy investment phase a. Preparatory phase(first 5 steps). B. Energy yielding phase a. Energy payoff phase (second 5 steps).

  9. Glucose (6C) C-C-C-C-C-C 2ATP 2 ATP - used 0 ATP - produced 0 NADH - produced 2ADP + P C-C-C C-C-C Glyceraldehyde phosphate (2 - 3C) (G3P or GAP) 1. Glycolysis A. Energy Investment Phase:

  10. Glyceraldehyde phosphate (2 - 3C) (G3P or GAP) GAP GAP C-C-C C-C-C 4ADP + P 0 ATP - used 4 ATP - produced 2 NADH - produced 4ATP C-C-C C-C-C (PYR) (PYR) Pyruvate (2 - 3C) (PYR) 1. Glycolysis B. Energy Yielding Phase

  11. 1. Glycolysis • Total Net Yield 2 - 3C-Pyruvate (PYR) 2 - ATP(Substrate-level Phosphorylation) 2 - NADH

  12. Fermentation • Occurs in cytoplasmwhen NO Oxygenis present (called anaerobic). • Remember: glycolysis is part of fermentation. • Two Types: 1. Alcohol Fermentation 2. Lactic Acid Fermentation

  13. 2ADP + 2 2ATP C C C C CC P 2NADH 2 NAD+ C C C C C Glycolysis 2 Ethanol 2 Pyruvic acid 2CO2 released 2 NAD+ 2NADH glucose Alcohol Fermentation • Plants and Fungi  beer and wine

  14. Alcohol Fermentation • End Products: Alcohol fermentation 2 - ATP(substrate-level phosphorylation) 2 - CO2 2 - Ethanol’s

  15. 2ADP + 2 2ATP C C C C CC P 2NADH 2 NAD+ C C C C C C Glycolysis 2 Lactic acid 2 Pyruvic acid 2 NAD+ 2NADH Glucose Lactic Acid Fermentation • Animals (pain in muscle after a workout).

  16. Lactic Acid Fermentation • End Products: Lactic acid fermentation 2 - ATP(substrate-level phosphorylation) 2 - Lactic Acids

  17. Cytosol 2 CO2 C C C Matrix C-C 2 Pyruvate 2 NAD+ 2 Acetyl CoA 2NADH 2. Grooming Phase • Occurs when Oxygen is present (aerobic). • 2 Pyruvate (3C)molecules are transported through the mitochondria membraneto the matrix and is converted to 2 Acetyl CoA (2C)molecules.

  18. 2. Grooming Phase • End Products: grooming phase 2 - NADH 2 - CO2 2- Acetyl CoA (2C)

  19. Mitochondrial Matrix 3. Krebs Cycle (Citric Acid Cycle) • Location:mitochondrial matrix. • Acetyl CoA (2C)bonds to Oxalacetic acid (4C - OAA)to make Citrate (6C). • It takes 2 turnsof the krebs cycle to oxidize1 glucosemolecule.

  20. 1 Acetyl CoA (2C) OAA (4C) Citrate (6C) Krebs Cycle 2 CO2 FADH2 (one turn) 3 NAD+ FAD 3 NADH ATP ADP + P 3. Krebs Cycle (Citric Acid Cycle)

  21. 2 Acetyl CoA (2C) Citrate (6C) OAA (4C) Krebs Cycle 4 CO2 2 FADH2 (two turns) 6 NAD+ 2 FAD 6 NADH 2 ATP 2 ADP + P 3. Krebs Cycle (Citric Acid Cycle)

  22. 3.Krebs Cycle (Citric Acid Cycle) • Total net yield(2 turnsof krebs cycle) 1.2 - ATP(substrate-level phosphorylation) 2. 6 - NADH 3. 2 - FADH2 4. 4 - CO2

  23. Inner Mitochondrial Membrane 4. Electron Transport Chain (ETC) andOxidative Phosphorylation (Chemiosmosis) • Location:inner mitochondrial membrane. • Uses ETC (cytochrome proteins) and ATPSynthase(enzyme) to make ATP. • ETCpumps H+ (protons) across innermembrane (lowers pH in innermembrane space).

  24. 4. Electron Transport Chain (ETC) andOxidative Phosphorylation (Chemiosmosis) • TheH+then move via diffusion(Proton Motive Force) through ATP Synthase to make ATP. • All NADH and FADH2converted to ATP during this stage of cellular respiration. • Each NADH converts to 3 ATP. • Each FADH2 converts to 2 ATP(enters the ETC at a lower level than NADH).

  25. Inner membrane space Matrix Cristae Outer membrane Inner membrane 4. Electron Transport Chain (ETC) andOxidative Phosphorylation (Chemiosmosis)

  26. ATP TOTAL ATP YIELD 1. 04 ATP - substrate-level phosphorylation 2. 34 ATP - ETC & oxidative phosphorylation 38 ATP - TOTAL YIELD

  27. Eukaryotes(Have Membranes) • Total ATP Yield 02 ATP - glycolysis(substrate-level phosphorylation) 04 ATP - converted from 2 NADH - glycolysis 06 ATP- converted from 2 NADH - grooming phase 02 ATP - Krebs cycle (substrate-level phosphorylation) 18 ATP- converted from 6NADH - Krebs cycle 04 ATP - converted from 2 FADH2- Krebs cycle 36 ATP - TOTAL

  28. Question: • In addition to glucose, what other various food molecules are use in Cellular Respiration?

  29. Catabolism of VariousFood Molecules • Other organic molecules used for fuel. 1. Carbohydrates: polysaccharides 2.Fats: glycerol’s and fatty acids 3. Proteins: amino acids

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