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Getting Started

Getting Started. What is Java?. A programming language Fully buzzword-compliant: A simple, object oriented, distributed, interpreted, robust, secure, architecture neutral, portable, high performance, multithreaded, dynamic language. From: Java: An Overview

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Getting Started

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  1. Getting Started

  2. What is Java? • A programming language • Fully buzzword-compliant: A simple, object oriented, distributed, interpreted, robust, secure, architecture neutral, portable, high performance, multithreaded, dynamic language. From: Java: An Overview James Gosling, Sun Microsystems, February 1995.

  3. What Else is Java? • According to Gosling: • “An environment” • “A platform” • “A way of thinking” • …ok, whatever • Java is a phenomenon • Took the world by storm in 1995 when introduced with the HotJava web Browser • Quickly integrated with Netscape browser

  4. Some History • 1993 Oak project at Sun • small, robust, architecture independent, Object-Oriented, language to control interactive TV. • didn’t go anywhere • 1995 Oak becomes Java • Focus on the web • 1996 Java 1.0 available • 1997 (March) Java 1.1 - some language changes, much larger library, new event handling model • 1997 (September) Java 1.2 beta – huge increase in libraries including Swing, new collection classes, J2EE • 1998 (October) Java 1.2 final (Java2!) • 2000 (April) Java 1.3 final • 2001 Java 1.4 final (assert) • 2004 Java 1.5 (parameterized types, enum, …) (Java5!) • 2005 J2EE 1.5

  5. What is Java? • Java is a general-purpose, high-level programming language. • The features of Java • Java program is both compiled and interpreted. • Write once, run anywhere • Java is a software-only platform running on top of other, hardware-based platforms. • Java Virtual Machine (Java VM) • The Java Application Programming Interface (JAVA API)

  6. Simple Architecture-neutral Object-Oriented Distributed Compiled Interpreted Statically Typed Multi-Threaded Garbage Collected Portable High-Performance Robust Secure Extensible Well-Understood Features of Java

  7. How Will Java Change My Life? • Get started quickly • Write less code • Write better code • Develop programs faster • Avoid platform dependencies with 100% pure Java • Write once, run anywhere • Distribute software more easily

  8. Java Applications and Java … lets • Stand-alone Applications • Just like any programming language • Applet • Run under a Java-Enabled Browser • Midlet • Run in a Java-Enabled Mobile Phone • Servlet • Run on a Java-Enabled Web Server • Switchlet • …

  9. Java Developer's Kit (I) • Java's programming environment • Core Java API • compiler • interpreter • debugger • dis-assembler • profiler • more...

  10. Java Developer's Kit (II) Java Interpreter Java Compiler Compile Run Java Source Java Bytecode <file>.java Java Dis-assembler <file>.class

  11. Source Computer Compilation Java Program Java ByteCode Prepare and Execute Java Internet Verification Your computer Java ByteCode Execution Restricted Env.

  12. Write Once, Run Anywhere

  13. ByteCode: Food for the VM • For most languages, compilation produces machine code • Java compilation produces “bytecode” • Intermediate code readable by the VM • Transferable across the Internet as applets • VM interprets BC into instructions • Partly responsible for performance lag • ByteCode produced on any platform may be executed on any other platform which supports a VM

  14. JIT compiler compiled code execution model of Java compiler source (text) bytecode (aka. class file) JVML dynamic loading virtual machine verifier bytecode interpreter CPU

  15. The JIT • Just-In-Time compiler • Translates bytecode into machine code at runtime • 1-time overhead when run initiated • Performance increase 10-30 times • Now the default for most JVM’s • Can be turned off if desired • JIT can apply statistical optimizations based on runtime usage profile

  16. Not just one JVM, but a whole family • JVM (J2EE & J2SE) • Well-known Java Virtual Machine. • CVM, KVM (J2ME) • Small devices. • Reduces some VM features to fit resource-constrained devices. • JCVM (Java Card) • Smart cards. • It has least VM features. • And there are also lots of other JVMs

  17. Java Platform & VM & Devices

  18. Java VM and API • Java API and Virtual Machine insulate the Java program from hardware dependencies. • Java API

  19. Collection of ready-made software components that provide many useful capabilities. Grouped into libraries (packages) of related components. Core API Essentials: Object, String, Input and Output... Applets Networking Internationalization Security Software Components Object Serialization Java Database Connectivity (JDBC) Java API

  20. The “Hello World” Application

  21. Create a Java Source File public class HelloWorld {public static void main(String[] args) {System.out.println("Hello World!");} }

  22. Compile and Run • Compile • javac HelloWorld.java • One file named HelloWorld.class is created if the compilation is succeeds. • Run • java HelloWorld

  23. The Simplest Java Application: Hello,World! • Since Java is object-oriented, programs are organized into modules called classes, which may have data in variables and subroutines called methods. Each program is enclosed in a class definition. main() is the first method that is run. class HelloWorld { public static void main (String[] args) { System.out.println(“Hello World!”); } } Syntax is similar to C - braces for blocks, semicolon after each statement. One difference: upper and lower case matter! The notation class.method or package.class.method is how to refer to a public method (with some exceptions).

  24. The “Hello World” Applet

  25. Create a Java Source FileHelloWorldApplet.java • import java.applet.Applet;import java.awt.Graphics;public class HelloWorldApplet extends Applet { public void paint(Graphics g) { g.drawString(“Hello World!”, 5, 25); }}

  26. Compile the Source File • javac HelloWorldApplet.java • One file named HelloWorldApplet.class is created if the compilation is succeeds.

  27. Displaying your applet from a Web page. • Create an HTML file with an applet tag to display the results of drawing the applet. <html><head> <title>Simple Hello Page</title> </head> <body> My Java applet says: <applet code=“HelloWorldApplet.class” width=150 height=25> </applet> </body></html> Name of your applet class. The browser will use a rectangle of width 150 pixels and height 25 pixels to display the applet within the other html.

  28. The Simplest Java Applet: Hello, World! • Java applets are part of the class hierarchy that can call methods to display on a screen (within the browser window). One way to draw on the screen is to call the method drawString from the standard method paint. The import statement allows the use of methods from the Graphics class without the dot notation . import java.awt.Graphics; public class HelloWorldApplet extends java.applet.Applet { public void paint (Graphics g) { g.drawString(“Hello World!”, 5, 25); } } Puts this as a subclass of Applet. The paint method displays a graphics object on the screen - one of the standard methods that takes the place of main for applets.

  29. No main method • Yes, applets have a main method... • ...but it's in the browser, not in your code! • More about that later in the course …

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