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Semantics and pragmatics

Semantics and pragmatics. Part 1. Sense Unicorn. Reference Cat. Word relationships. Night/knight phonologically (/n/) Lift/lifted morphologically (roots) Write/paint syntactically (transitive) Pot/pan semantically (sister terms). Hyponymy & Sister terms. Dog & Poodle

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Semantics and pragmatics

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  1. Semantics and pragmatics

  2. Part 1

  3. Sense • Unicorn • Reference • Cat

  4. Word relationships • Night/knight phonologically (/n/) • Lift/lifted morphologically (roots) • Write/paint syntactically (transitive) • Pot/pan semantically (sister terms)

  5. Hyponymy & Sister terms • Dog & Poodle • All poodles are dogs = X is always included as a part of Y • Dog and poodle are hyponyms • Sister Term • Two or more terms that are on the same level within a hyponymous hierarchy

  6. Build your own hyponym

  7. Synonyms • Two words that share the exact same reference.

  8. Antonyms • What is the antonym to emasculate? • : to make (a man) feel less masculine : to deprive (a man) of his male strength, role, etc. • : to make (something) weaker or less effective • What’s the difference between a complementary pair and gradable pair? • Discuss with your neighbor- • How _____ is he/it?

  9. Propositions • Semantics at the sentence level • Entailment • All dogs bark • Sally’s dog barks • Mutual Entailment • Ian has a female sibling • Ian has a sister

  10. Principle of compositionality • “The meaning of a sentence (or any other multi-word expression) is a function of the meanings of the words it contains, and how these words are syntactically combined. • Sally loves Polly. • Polly loves Sally.

  11. Semantics and Syntax • Shrampedflonkedflobritter. • Shrampedflonked the britter. • Shramped kicked the britter. • Roberto kicked the britter. • Roberto kicked the ball. • Roberto kicked the bucket.

  12. Idiomatic expressions • Think of 3 idiomatic expressions in English. • Invent 1 new idiomatic expression in English. • Idioms in Spanish/other languages? • Pan comido (piece of cake) • Llevar leña al monte (to carrycoals to Newcastle)

  13. Part 2

  14. Sentence vs. utterance • Sentence: There is a platypus in the bathtub. • Utterance: The event that occurs when a sentence is spoken. • The same sentence could have an infinite number of utterances. • Properties of utterances include: time, place, volume, the speaker

  15. Context and meaning • Deictic words • Those things that hold the place of other things in a thing when someone says it. • What does (can) this sentence mean? • Can you take the trash out?

  16. Kinds of context • Linguistic • What precedes a particular utterance in a discourse. • Do you like green beans? • Yes. Yes, I do. • Situational • Nonlinguistic information that allows for an utterance to be understood. • It smells. • Social • Relationships between interlocutors

  17. Felicitous & Infelicitous • The difference is intuitive. • Judgments of felicity may differ from one speaker to another. • What do you do for a living? • I’m a linguistic professor at Ohio State. • What do you do for a living? • I have a job.

  18. The Cooperative principle • Steven Pinker (The cooperative principle)

  19. Grice’s Maxims • Maxim of Quality • Maxim of Relevance • Maxim of Quantity • Maxim of Manner • Violations

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