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Understanding the Criminal Justice System

Explore the structure, functions, and decision processes of the criminal justice system in America, including the police, courts, and corrections at federal, state, and local levels. Trace the history and development of criminal justice in America, from small town America to the modern challenges of the 21st century.

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Understanding the Criminal Justice System

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  1. Understanding the Criminal Justice System CJUS 101 The Rediscovery of Justice in America

  2. Rediscovery • Criminal justice refers to: a. The structure, functions, and decisionprocesses of agencies that deal with themanagement and control of crime andcriminal offenders.” (1) Structure - organizational hierarchy and staffing - rank and file of employees - ‘pyramid style’

  3. Rediscovery (2) Functions - day to day operations - patrol / custody / investigation / etc. (3) Decision processes - assignment of personnel - allocation of funds - funding programs - what to charge - crimes to attack

  4. Rediscovery b. Comprised of 3 primary components (1) Police - most visible - first-line aspect of the system (2) Courts - judiciary functions - prosecution / defense / trial process (3) Corrections

  5. Rediscovery - custody / security - those convicted / awaiting trial c. Found at all levels of government (1) Federal - variety of police organizations - trial / appellate courts - US Attorney General’s Office - correctional institutions - probation / parole

  6. Rediscovery (2) State - state police agencies - state appellate courts - state attorney general - prisons / half-way houses - community corrections (3) Local - city / county law enforcement - city / county courts - city / county jails

  7. Rediscovery • Levels of criminal justice a. Police (1) Federal - FBI / ATF / Secret Service / DEA / CIA / US Marshal / Capitol Police - US Postal Service / BIA / US Wildlife / US Fisheries / INS / Border Patrol - Park Service / US Customs / IRS / MP / EPA / FAA / FDA / etc.

  8. Rediscovery (2) State - patrol / wildlife / liquor control / park ranger / gambling / drug enforcement - DNR / CPS / L&I / AG’s Office / tort claims / support enforcement / etc. (3) Local - county sheriff / city police / park police / transit police / airport police - animal enforcement / code violation officer / housing police / etc.

  9. Rediscovery b. Courts (1) Federal - administrative courts / magistrate’s court / district court / court of appeals - US Supreme Court (2) State - superior court / court of appeals / state supreme court

  10. Rediscovery (3) Local - municipal court - district court c. Corrections (1) Federal - maximum to minimum prisons - probation / parole (2) State

  11. Rediscovery - maximum to minimum prisons - probation / parole (a) Walla Walla / Monroe / Shelton / Clallam Bay / Airway Heights / Stafford Creek / Coyote Ridge / Purdy (women’s prison) (3) Local - county / city jail - probation

  12. Rediscovery • Criminal justice in America - history and development a. 1700’s to mid-1800’s - small town America - little crime / local police b. Rural America - still on farms - small communities - people more involved

  13. Rediscovery c. Late 1800’s - moving to cities - crime increasing - criminal gangs / foreign gangs (1) Corruption - police / courts / corrections (2) 1896 - Jim Crow Laws - legitimized racism

  14. Rediscovery d. Early 1900’s - growing public concern (1) Wickersham Commission (federal) - interstate transportation - crime / corruption - state / local governments (a) Concern faded - interests diverted - WW I

  15. Rediscovery e. Cause / effect factors (1) 1920’s - prohibition - prosperity - ignored corruption (2) 1930’s - Great Depression - public enemies - (1939) start questioning again

  16. Rediscovery (3) 1940’s (war years) - WW II: concern diverted - war ends: demand accountability - racism - drugs (4) 1950’s (fabulous fifties) - organized crime - Korean conflict - communism

  17. Rediscovery - street crime - juvenile delinquency / rock n’ roll (a) Middle / upper-class - not effected - technology - no war / riots / protests - ignored civil problems (b) “Leave It to Beaver” - “Father Knows Best”

  18. Rediscovery (c) Expected children to conform - did as told - punished (5) 1960’s (Violent Sixties) - enforced conformity - Bill of Rights - Johnson vs. Goldwater (a) Racism continues - Viet Nam

  19. Rediscovery - Democratic Nat’l Convention - ghetto riots - demonstrations - drugs - counterculture - freedom riders (b) Crime - murder: 76% / assaults: 117% - robbery: 121% / rape: 224% - theft: 245% / burglary: 144%

  20. Rediscovery (c) Assassinations - 1963: John F. Kennedy - 1964: Malcom X - 1967: George Rockwell - 1968: Robert Kennedy - 1968: Martin Luther King (6) 1970’s - crime rate - “War on Heroin” - Viet Nam

  21. Rediscovery - Watergate (7) 1980s - crime - drugs - gangs (a) Ronald Reagan (conservative) - corruption (Meese / Donovan) - militarism - assassination attempt

  22. Rediscovery (b) US Supreme Court (8) 1990’s - George Bush (conservative) - drug war / Persian Gulf War - US Supreme Court (a) Bill Clinton (liberal) - social reforms - law enforcement - Monica Lewinsky

  23. Rediscovery (9) 2000’s - George W. Bush - 220 billion surplus = 175 billion deficit - 9/11 - Afghanistan / Iraq war - corporate tax incentives - Patriot Act - Homeland Security (10) - Barack H. Obama - $1.7 trillion deficit

  24. -IraqWar - Afghanistan War - unemployment - economy - politics - Supreme Court - environment 4. Presidential strategies on crime / drugs - primary concern prior to 9/11

  25. Rediscovery - crime and disorder a. Lyndon B. Johnson (1965) - Senator Barry Goldwater - law and order campaign (1) Johnson’s Great Society - work or welfare - no crime / drugs (2) Adopted law and order agenda

  26. Rediscovery - more police - Thurgood Marshal (3) Established new programs - LEAA / LEEP - Omnibus Crime Control Act - Safe Streets Act (a) Programs failed - crime increases - drug use increases

  27. Rediscovery b. Richard M. Nixon (1969) - “war on heroin” - reason for crime (1) Money to law enforcement - DEA (1973) - federal support (2) Watergate - resigned - Gerald Ford appointed

  28. Rediscovery - presidential pardon - lost election c. Jimmy Carter (1977) - waged war on crime - attempted Iran invasion - lost election d. Ronald Reagan (1981) - law and order president - increased funding

  29. Rediscovery (1) US Supreme Court - Reagan’s legacy - first female justice (2) Military into war on drugs - allow to patrol streets - involved with civilian enforcement - violation of Constitution e. George Bush (1989) - international president

  30. Rediscovery - ignored local issues (1) War on drugs - Drug Czar - asset forfeiture - “Weed and Seed” (2) US Supreme Court - conservative justices - Clarence Thomas

  31. Rediscovery - lost election f. Bill Clinton (1993) - liberal democrat - supported welfare programs (1) Supported law enforcement - community oriented policing - 100,000 new police officers (2) US Supreme Court

  32. Rediscovery - Ruth Bader Ginsburg - Stephen Breyer (2) Elected two terms g. George W. Bush (2001) - contested election - 9/11 - supports law enforcement - two Supreme Court appointees - cutting health/welfare programs for war

  33. US Supreme Court • Current Justices: a. John Roberts, (53) Chief Justice - nominated by George H. W. Bush b. Elena Kagen(50) - nominated by Barack Obama c. Samuel Alito (58) - nominated by George H. W. Bush

  34. Court d. Sonia Sotomayor (55) - nominated by Barack Obama e. Anthony M. Kennedy (71) - nominated by Ronald Reagan f. David Hackett Souter (68) - nominated by George W. Bush g. Clarence Thomas (60) - nominated by George W. Bush

  35. Court h. Ruth Bader Ginsburg (75) - nominated by Bill Clinton i. Stephen G. Breyer (69) - nominated by Bill Clinton

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