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C H A P T E R 12

C H A P T E R 12. TRAINING FOR SPORT. w Find out what physiological changes occur during tapering that result in improved performance. (continued). Learning Objectives. w Review the factors that dictate the demands of training: volume and intensity.

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C H A P T E R 12

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  1. C H A P T E R 12 TRAINING FOR SPORT

  2. w Find out what physiological changes occur during tapering that result in improved performance. (continued) Learning Objectives w Review the factors that dictate the demands of training: volume and intensity. w Learn the causes, signs, and treatment of overreaching and of overtraining syndrome.

  3. Learning Objectives w Discover the strength, power, cardiovasc- ular, and muscular endurance changes that occur due to detraining, inactivity, or total muscle mobilization. w Find out how to reduce training while preventing a decline in long-term endurance and aerobic capacity.

  4. Individuality A person’s rate of adaptation and response to training depends on that individual. He or she cannot be forced beyond his or her body’s capacity for development. Thus, training programs must take these individual differences into account.

  5. OPTIMIZING TRAINING—A MODEL

  6. Periodized Training (Periodization), the Macrocycle

  7. PERIODIZED TRAINING, MESOCYCLE

  8. PERIODIZED TRAINING, MICROCYCLE

  9. Training intensity—force of muscle action and stress on the muscular and cardiovascular systems w Resistance training (high intensity and low volume) w Aerobic training (high volume and lower intensity) Optimal Training Load Progressive overload—progressive increase in training load as body adapts Training volume—duration and frequency Rest periods—without them, muscles become chronically fatigued and depleted of stored energy

  10. Excessive Training: Exercise Blood Lactate and Heart Rate Response to standard 400 yd swim; between 5th and 11th weeks, Group 2 trained 2 times per day, and Group 1 trained 1 time per day.

  11. Training Volume versus Improvement Average improvement per year of swimmers using either high volume training or lower volume training over a 4 year period.

  12. w Increase the duration or frequency of training to increase training volume. (continued) Key Points Training Demands w Excessive training refers to training with an unnecessarily high volume or intensity. w Excessive training does not lead to additional gains in performance and can lead to chronic fatigue and decreased performance.

  13. w High-volume, low-intensity training (50% to 90% VO2max) increases aerobic capacity with little change in strength or speed. . Key Points Training Demands w Training intensity can determine specific adaptations to training. w High-intensity, low-volume training increases muscle strength and speed with some increase in aerobic capacity.

  14. High Volume Training? Long daily workouts may not be the best training method for most sports. Training volume can be reduced by as much as one half in some sports, without reducing the training benefits and with less risk of overtraining the athlete to the point of decreased performance.

  15. Effects of Training Too Much Excessive training—well above what is needed for peak performance, but does not strictly meet the criteria for overreaching or overtraining. It can lead to chronic fatigue and decrements in performance. Overreaching—a brief period of heavy overload without adequate recovery, thus exceeding the athlete’s adaptive capacity. There is a performance decrement, but it is relatively short-term, lasting several days to several weeks Overtraining—that point at which an athlete starts to experience physiological maladaptations and chronic performance decrements, lasting weeks, months or longer.

  16. Overtraining w Continued training beyond the point that would be optimal; can be related to intensity, duration, frequency, or any combination of these three wStaleness is a related concept w The key is to design a training program that provides the optimal level of stress but does not overstress the athlete, usually including some form of periodization

  17. Symptoms of Overtraining Syndrome w Decline in physical performance with continued training w Loss in muscular strength, coordination, and maximal working capacity w General fatigue w Decreased appetite and body weight loss w Sleep disturbances w Irritable, restless, excitable, anxious w Loss of motivation wLack of mental concentration w Feelings of depression

  18. Overreaching Versus Overtraining Acute Overload and Overreaching Acute Overload and Overtraining

  19. Possible Causes of Overtraining Symptoms w Periods of excessive training and/or emotional stress w Abnormal responses in the autonomic nervous system—sympathetic and parasympathetic w Disturbances in endocrine function w Depressed immune function

  20. HORMONAL RESPONSES TO OVERTRAINING

  21. HYPOTHALAMUS, SAM, and HPA WITH OVERTRAINING (Hypothalamic-Pituitary- Adrenal Cortical Axis) (Sympathetic-Adrenal Medullary Axis)

  22. BRAIN-IMMUNE SYSTEM INTERACTIONS

  23. EXERCISE AND IMMUNE FUNCTION

  24. Predicting Overtraining w Increase in oxygen consumption and blood lactate for the same rate of work (though impractical for coach to measure) w Increased heart rate response to the same rate of work w Declines in performance

  25. . VO2 IN EARLY AND LATE SEASON (Overtrained) VO2max and the VO2 required to run at a pace of 3.7 min/km in a competitive cross-country runner

  26. HEART RATE RESPONSES TO TRAINING

  27. Treatment of Overtraining w Reduce training intensity for several days w Rest completely for several days or weeks if symptoms don’t improve w Seek counseling w Prevent overtraining by alternating easy, moderate, and hard training (microcycles of periodization) w Eat sufficient carbohydrate to prevent glycogen depletion

  28. Tapering Tapering for competition involves a reduction in training intensity and volume before a competition. This rest allows your body to repair itself and restore its energy reserves to prepare you for your best performance.

  29. . w No loss of VO2max occurs Effects of Properly Tapering w Muscular strength increases w Energy reserves are restored w Performance increases

  30. a b EFFECTS OF A 7-DAY TAPER IN RUNNERS Effects of 7-day taper on 5 km time in runners

  31. Detraining wPartial or complete loss of training-induced adaptations in response to either the cessation of training or to a substantial decrement in the training load w Loss of muscle size, strength, and power w Decrease in muscular and cardiorespiratory endurance w Loss of speed, agility, and flexibility

  32. Loss of Muscle Strength With Detraining w Muscle atrophy accounts for a loss in strength. w Normal fiber recruitment and activation (rate coding) is altered. w Muscle requires minimal stimulation (training once every 10 to 14 days) to retain training gains.

  33. Loss of Muscular Endurance With Detraining w Decreased performance may be related to losses in cardiorespiratory endurance. w Oxidative enzyme activity in muscles decreases. w Glycolytic enzymes remain unchanged with up to 84 days of detraining. w Muscle glycogen content (and thus storage capacity) decreases. w Acid-base balance becomes disturbed. w Muscle capillary supply and fiber type (FTa → FTb(x)) may change.

  34. . DETRAINING, VO2MAX, AND OXIDATIVE ENZYMES

  35. DETRAINING AND MUSCLE GLYCOGEN

  36. Blood Lactate, pH, and Bicarbonate (HCO3) in Eight Collegiate Swimmers Undergoing Detraining – Weeks of detraining Measurement 0a 1b 2 4 Lactate (mmol/L) 4.2 6.3 6.8 9.7c pH 7.259 7.237 7.236 7.183c HCO3 (mmol/L) 21.1 19.5c 16.1c 16.3c Swim time (s) 130.6 130.1 130.5 130.0 – Note. Measurements were taken immediately after a fixed-pace swim. aThe values at week 0 represent the measurements taken at the end of 5 months of training. bThe values for weeks 1, 2, and 4 are the results obtained after 1, 2, and 4 weeks of detraining, respectively. cSignificant difference from the value at the end of training.

  37. . w VO2max decreases Loss of Cardiorespiratory Endurance w Losses are greatest in highly trained individuals. w Plasma volume decreases w Stroke volume decreases w Endurance performance decreases

  38. You can prevent rapid losses to your cardiorespiratory endurance with a minimum of three training sessions per week at an intensity of at least 70% VO2max. . Preventing Loss of Aerobic Capacity

  39. Retraining w Recovery of conditioning after a period of inactivity. w Affected by fitness level and the length and extent of inactivity. w If a cast allows some range of movement, retraining time can be reduced. w Electrical stimulation of muscles can prevent muscle fiber atrophy.

  40. . 7-Day Taper and VO2 c VO2 during running at a standard submaximal speed

  41. a b BIOKINETIC SWIM BENCH AND STRENGTH CHANGES WITH DETRAINING

  42. . CHANGES IN VO2MAX WITH BED REST

  43. Normal Expanded blood blood volume volume Parameter Trained Detrained Detrained Blood volume (ml) 5,177 4,692b 5,412 Stroke volume (ml/beat)a 166 146b 164 VO2max (L/min) 4.42 4.16b 4.28 Exercise time to exhaustion (min) 9.13 8.44 8.06c . aStroke volume measured during submaximal exercise. bDenotes a significant difference from the trained (normal blood volume) and detrained (expanded blood volume) values. cDenotes a significant difference from the trained (normal blood volume) value. Effects of Detraining and Blood Volume Expansion

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