Warm-Up #2

1. Warm-Up #2 Journal: • What do you think the Natives’ first thoughts about Columbus were? Be specific, put yourself in their position. • What do you think Columbus did when he first stepped onto land in the Americas?

2. Christopher Columbusand The Columbian Exchange

3. Ships • Sailed for Spain because Italy said no • 3 ships: • Nina • Pinta • Santa Maria

4. Why Make the Trip????? • Changing times • More literate people because of printing press invented in 1454 by Johannes Gutenberg • Columbus was courageous trying to find new sea routes for trade with the East Indies

5. Why? cont’d • Changes in technology: bigger guns that could be strapped on ships • Columbus wanted a western route to Asia to find the riches that Marco Polo talked about in his book • Was Columbus courageous? • No, he was greedy and only wanted gold

6. How did Columbus get there and what happened when he made it? • Columbus used instruments such as Celestial Navigation, Astrolabe, Quadrant, and Dead Reckoning • Columbus spotted land in October of 1492 which he thought was the East Indies of Asia. He named the people he encountered Indians because he thought he was in the East Indies but he really landed in the Caribbean

7. Does Columbus Deserve Credit for Discovering America? • Yes or no • What do you think???

8. If not Columbus, then who “discovered” America? • Native Americans were already living there • Vikings voyaged to Scandinavia, Greenland, and coast of North America • Columbus may have received idea when visiting Iceland in 1477 hearing of Viking travels • Historians believe people from Asia and Africa made it here first

9. Who? Cont’d • Afro-Phoenicians from South Africa are believed to explored America thousands of years before Columbus • Olmec statues carved out by native Americans in 750 BC bear a strong resemblance to these African people meaning they must have seen or met these Afro-Phoenicians

10. What Happened After Columbus? • Spanish Conquistadors took Riches and forced natives to convert to Christianity • Columbus’ initial impression of the Natives was favorable: “At daybreak great multitudes of men came to the shore, all young and of fine shapes, and very handsome… I was very attentive to them, and strove to learn if they had any gold… I could conquer the whole lot of them with fifty men and govern them as I pleased.”

11. What Happened After, Cont’d • On first Voyage, Columbus kidnapped 10-25 natives and put them on display for the King and Queen of Spain, leading to the King giving Columbus 17 new ships with 1200-1500 men, cannons, Crossbows, guns, and attack dogs to take with him • His second trip in 1493 landed Columbus in Haiti where he took food and other riches and punished those who got in his way

12. What happened cont’d • A tribute system was set up by the Spanish forcing natives to work by delivering cotton and gold . • Natives first worked peacefully but later resisted by abandoning settlements • Later they fought back aggressively but were torn down by European technology and diseases

13. The Columbian Exchange • Columbus’ voyages may have had greater consequences biologically than culturally • The was coined to describe the worldwide redistribution of plants, animals, and diseases that resulted from the initial contacts between Europeans and Natives.

15. Impact of Columbian Exchange • Disease- 90 percent decrease in population resulted because of lack of immunity to European diseases • Political and spiritual leaders died and left traditions in disarray; • Subsistence (food) cycles were disrupted; family life was devastated. • These losses put American Indians at a disadvantage when they fought to protect their lands or attempted to negotiate treaties with imperial powers.

16. Since the Europeans were largely immune to the diseases that corroded native life, they were able to take and hold an advantage over the tribes. They turned their attention to learning to use the domesticated animals and plants they encountered in the New World.

17. Columbian Exchange • Old World (Europe) to New World (Americas) • Disease: • measles • chicken pox • smallpox • yellow fever • Malaria • influenza (flu) • common cold

18. Columbian Exchange • New World (Americas) to Old World (Europe) • Disease • Syphillis

19. Columbian Exchange • Old World (Europe) to New World (Americas) • Plants: rice melons wheat olives barley dandelions oats daisies coffee ragweed sugarcane Kentucky bluegrass bananas

20. Columbian Exchange • New World (Americas) to Old World (Europe) • Plants: avocados pumpkins guavas peanuts pineapple squash corn (maize) tobacco potatoes (white / sweet) beans (snap / kidney, lima) cacao (source of chocolate) chicle (source of gum)

21. Columbian Exchange • Old World (Europe) to New World (Americas) • Animals: • horses • cattle • pigs • sheep • goats • chickens

22. Columbian Exchange • New World (Americas) to Old World (Europe) • Animals: • llamas • alpacas • guinea pigs

23. What was the Effect of the Columbian Exchange? 2. What was the effect of the Columbian Exchange? a. Both hemispheres were introduced to new foods and animals that changed entire societies. b. Potatoes and corn became major food sources for Europeans allowing populations to increase greatly. c. The introduction of pigs, cows, and horses gave new food sources and new animals for the Native Americans to use.

24. What was the Effect of the Columbian Exchange? d. The diseases the Europeans brought with them killed up to 90% of the Native Americans in the New World. European conquest of the Native Americans was made easy by the effect disease had on the Natives. e. The Native Americans had never been exposed to these diseases so their bodies could not fight them. Europeans had lived with these diseases for thousands of year and were not as likely to die from them.

25. Cultural Diffusion • The spread of ideas, customs, and technologies from one people to another. • Cultural diffusion occurs through migration, trade and warfare.

26. Intense Competition New Economic Policy • Wealth measured by amount of gold, silver possessed by nation • Mercantilists believed there was fixed amount of wealth in world • For one nation to become wealthier, more powerful—had to take wealth, power away from another nation • Mercantilism led to intense competition between nations • Founding of colonies, new goods in Europe led to significant changes • 1500s, Europeans developed new economic policy, mercantilism • Nation’s strength depended on its wealth • Wealthy nation had power for military and expanded influence Mercantilism

27. Imports Exports • To achieve favorable balance of trade, could reduce amount of imports by placing tariffs on goods • Importer paid tariff, added cost to price of good • Imported goods more expensive, discouraged people from buying • Encourage exports that could sell for higher prices than raw materials • Countries encouraged manufacturing and export of manufactured goods • Governments provided subsidies to help start new industries Balance of Trade • Mercantilists built wealth two ways—extract gold, silver from mines at home, in colonies; sell more goods than it bought from foreign countries, creating favorable balance of trade • With favorable balance of trade, country received more gold, silver from other nations than it paid to them • Increased its power; weakened foreign competitors