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3/6 – Medieval Europe and Byzantine Empire

3/6 – Medieval Europe and Byzantine Empire. AIM: What happened to Western Europe after the fall of the Roman Empire? Opener: How did the Roman Empire fall? What were the causes?. Defining the Medieval Period. The time period has also been called the “Middle Ages” and the “Dark Ages”.

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3/6 – Medieval Europe and Byzantine Empire

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  1. 3/6 – Medieval Europe and Byzantine Empire • AIM: What happened to Western Europe after the fall of the Roman Empire? • Opener: How did the Roman Empire fall? What were the causes?

  2. Defining the Medieval Period The time period has also been called the “Middle Ages” and the “Dark Ages”

  3. The Fall of the Roman Empire • Beginning of the Middle Ages • Invasions • End of the Roman emperors

  4. The Barbarian Invasions • From Asia: Huns and Magyars • From the Germanic north: Saxons, Angles, and Goths

  5. Rise of the Germanic Peoples • Ostrogoths: Italian peninsula • Visigoths: modern-day Spain • Angles and Saxons: modern-day Britain • Franks: central Europe “Invasion of the Goths into the Roman Empire,” a 19th-century painting

  6. How did the Roman Empire fall? What were the causes? • Nomadic invasions from Northern Europe • Farmers / lower class debt & taxes on lower classes • Inflation • Assassinations and fighting for power • Generals with personal armies fought each other • Disease • Corruption • Slave revolts

  7. Medieval Europe: Stages

  8. Timeline: • Three periods during the “middle ages” – Early, High, and Late: • Early Middle Ages (500 – 1000 CE) • Fall of Roman Empire (476 CE) • Clovis unites Franks under Catholicism (~500 CE) • Franks defeat Muslims in France (732 CE) • Charlemagne (Carolingian family) calls himself “Emperor” and attempts to reestablish empire over Western Europe (~800 CE) Later kings called themselves the “Holy Roman Emperors”, but did not have much power. • Viking invasions bring more instability to Western Europe (~800 – 1000 CE)

  9. Clovis (466–511) • Established a Frankish kingdom in central Europe • Conquered many competing tribes and regional Roman political leaders • Converted to Christianity

  10. Charlemagne (742–814) • Powerful leader, strong Christian • Created the Carolingian Empire • Crowned by Pope Leo III as the first Holy Roman Emperor

  11. The Vikings • Warrior culture from Scandinavia • Raided Europe • Established settlements throughout Europe and even in North America A Viking longboat

  12. Viking Lenses: To detect the location of the sun in cloudy weather, start fires

  13. Did the Vikings make a telescope? http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/science/nature/702478.stm

  14. Rock Crystal Lenses from the Viking Harbor Town of Fröjel, Gotland in Sweden.

  15. Timeline: • Three periods during the “middle ages” – Early, High, and Late: • High Middle Ages (1000 – 1300CE): • Feudalism emerges as the dominant political system. • Population growth due to better agricultural technology and warmer weather. (1000- 1347) • Rise of Manorialism as economic system • Crusades (1096 – 1270CE) • Nobles force King John to sign the Magna Carta, enshrining the rights of the nobility. (1215 CE) • First English parliament (1265)

  16. See, infer, wonder

  17. Feudalism • A political, economic, and social system in which land was allocated in exchange for services; roles and obligations were clearly defined for all participants • Grew out of Roman practices of clientage/patronage • Originally developed as a means of protection and defense A French vassal receiving a feudal grant from the king

  18. Feudal System Vocabulary • Lord • Vassal • Fief • Manor • Serf Feudal serfs

  19. The Feudal Power Relationship

  20. Knights • Elite military soldiers • Usually from the noble classes • Stages of training: page, squire, knight • Chivalry = code of behavior Statue of a medieval knight

  21. The Medieval Tournament Means of practicing military skills

  22. Castles • Centers of noble life • Purposes: • Intimidation • Military defense • Residence Warwick Castle, England

  23. England • 1066: Norman Invasion • William the Conqueror (1027–1087) • Brought feudalism to England • Henry II (1154–1189) • Instituted a single common law code, unified court system William the Conqueror

  24. England: Magna Carta (1215) • Conflict between King John and the English nobility • Nobles rebelled against excessive taxation, forced King John to sign the Magna Carta in 1215 • Limited power of the monarch • Formal recognition that the king was not above the law A photograph of the Magna Carta

  25. England: Development of Parliament • Henry III (1216–1272) • Edward I (1239–1307) • Original parliament • House of Lords: nobles and church lords • House of Commons: knights and residents • Approved taxes, discussed policies, worked with the monarch to make laws Edward I

  26. Economic System - Manorialism

  27. See, infer, wonder

  28. Why Crop Rotation?

  29. 3/14 – Medieval Obligations • AIM: What were the benefits and drawbacks of the feudal and manorial systems? • Opener: An obligation is a duty or commitment. What obligations do you have at home (to your parents, etc.)?

  30. The “Feudal Contract” • Feudalism and manorialism both were based on a series of agreements between the different social classes in the middle ages. • Although there were no formal “contracts” signed, each social class had obligations towards the other classes. • As your read your passage, underline obligations you have towards others and star obligations others have towards you. • Additionally, make sure to note how your basic needs – food, shelter, safety – are met.

  31. Roles: • 1 - Lord Porter – the owner of 5,000 acres of land • 2 - George Stout – a vassal to Lord Porter • 3 - Lady Knightly – the wife of Sir Knightly, a famous knight • 4 - Mary Cooper – a serf on Sir Knightly’s manor. Task: You will be given a scenario. Based on your knowledge of Feudalism, you are to engage in conversation with your group, pretending to be your character. Try to remain historically accurate, but don’t be afraid to get creative and have fun!

  32. Roles: • 1 - Lord Porter – the owner of 5,000 acres of land • 2 - George Stout – a vassal to Lord Porter • 3 - Lady Knightly – the wife of Sir Knightly, a famous knight • 4 - Mary Cooper – a serf on Sir Knightly’s manor. Task: Get the creative juices flowing: • What’s your character’s overall personality? (Happy, grumpy, kind, mean, fierce, shy, intelligent, dull, etc.) • What does your character spend most of his/her day doing? • My character likes to _____________, and hates _______________!

  33. Roles: • Lord Porter – the owner of 5,000 acres of land • George Stout – a vassal to Lord Porter • Lady Knightly – the wife of Sir Knightly, a famous knight • Mary Cooper – a serf on Sir Knightly’s manor. Scenario 1: It’s harvest time, but an early frost has killed off many of the crops. • Who might you owe food to? (Or expect food from?) • How will the crop failure affect your life? • What are your concerns?

  34. Roles: • Lord Porter – the owner of 5,000 acres of land • George Stout – a vassal to Lord Porter • Lady Knightly – the wife of Sir Knightly, a famous knight • Mary Cooper – a serf on Sir Knightly’s manor. Scenario 2: There’s talk of a serious dispute between Lord Porter and Lord Mead. • How can this dispute be handled? • If fighting breaks out, who will fight, and for whom? • How will you be affected by this dispute & what might you need from others?

  35. Roles: • Lord Porter – the owner of 5,000 acres of land • George Stout – a vassal to Lord Porter • Lady Knightly – the wife of Sir Knightly, a famous knight • Mary Cooper – a serf on Sir Knightly’s manor. Scenario 3: Sir Knightly, a vassal to Lord Highbrow, has died without a male heir. He does have two daughters. • What will happen to Sir Knightly’s manor? To his daughters? • Can you profit from this situation?

  36. Roles: • Lord Porter – the owner of 5,000 acres of land • George Stout – a vassal to Lord Porter • Lady Knightly – the wife of Sir Knightly, a famous knight • Mary Cooper – a serf on Sir Knightly’s manor. Scenario 4: King DuBois has decided to tour his kingdom. • Where will he stay? • How will his visit affect you?

  37. Wrap-Up! • What were the strengths of the feudal system? • What were its weaknesses?

  38. Aim: How did the Catholic Church become the most powerful and unifying force in Medieval Europe? Googleimages Church at Fulda, Germany

  39. The Age of Faith • Why do you think that the Middle Ages in Europe is also known as the Age of Faith?

  40. The Hierarchy of the Roman Catholic Church

  41. The Monastic Movement • Became popular in the 5th century • Arose as a reaction against the increasing “worldliness” of the Church • Monasteries: secluded religious communities • Benedictine monasticism: vows of chastity, poverty, obedience • Monasteries were centers of scholarship in the early middle ages St. Benedict

  42. Excerpt of a letter from Pope Innocent III (1198) “The Creator set up two great lights in the heavens; the greater light to rule the day the lesser light to rule the night. In the same way, the Church has set up two great lights on earth; the greater light, being the Pope, to rule over souls; the lesser light, being the king, to rule over bodies. Just as the moon’s light comes from the sun, does the power of the king come from the Pope. The more closely a king is willing to follow the Pope’s rule, the greater his light will be.” Q: According to Pope Innocent III, what ought to be the relationship between Church and State? NYC Curriculum

  43. An Age of Faith and Superstition Faith in the Roman Catholic Church did not erase superstitions in Medieval Europe. Below were some common superstitions: • An evil witch could exchange a healthy child for a sickly one (the “changeling” was the substitute) • Preparing a table with three knives pleased good fairies • A person could change into the shape of a wolf • The croak of a raven would bring bad luck • Meeting a priest would bring good luck Patterns of Interaction

  44. Primary Source Document Analysis - Discussion Questions • What can we learn about the religious practices of the Anglo-Saxons from Bede’s account? • In what specific ways did the pope urge toleration? Why did he encourage tolerance? • What implication might Gregory’s policies have for the beliefs and practices of English converts?

  45. Islam in Europe • Islamic forces took control of Spain in the early 8th century • Muslim innovations • Agriculture • Architecture • Math and science Great Mosque of Córdoba

  46. The Reconquista of Spain • Muslims ruled the Iberian Peninsula for nearly 800 years • Reconquista: Struggle between Christians and Muslims to control Spain • 718–1492 • King Ferdinand of Aragon and Isabella of Castile Isabella and Ferdinand

  47. The Crusades • 1095–1291 • Goals of the Crusades: • Convert nonbelievers • Eliminate heretics • Regain control of the Holy Land from the Muslims Louis IX of France leads crusaders against Damietta(port city), in Egypt

  48. Pope Urban II • 1095: Pope Urban II’s speech • Promised spiritual rewards • Thousands responded to the call for religious warriors Pope Urban II calling for the Crusades

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