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DNA to PROTEIN

DNA to PROTEIN. 2 step process of transcription and translation. Protein Synthesis: > Transcription & Translation. DNA contains all the information for your traits – in the form of genes These genes are blueprints and need to remain safe – kept inside the nucleus

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DNA to PROTEIN

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  1. DNA to PROTEIN • 2 step process of transcription and translation

  2. Protein Synthesis: >Transcription & Translation • DNA contains all the information for your traits – in the form of genes • These genes are blueprints and need to remain safe – kept inside the nucleus • Copies can be made through – a messenger • Form proteins (polymers) from the buildingblocks – amino acids (monomers)

  3. Genotype  Phenotype (genetic) (observable) DNA mRNA tRNA PROTEIN Transcription Translation

  4. Transcription – making mRNA from DNA in the nucleus • mRNA – stands for messenger RNA • it is the copy of the DNAmessage for making a protein • Occurs in the nucleus only

  5. Transcription Section 12-3 Adenine (DNA and RNA) Cystosine (DNA and RNA) Guanine(DNA and RNA) Thymine (DNA only) Uracil (RNA only) RNApolymerase DNA RNA

  6. Transcription(Steps) • DNA “unzips” – helicases separate DNA molecule • Free-floating RNA w/in the nucleus attach to complementary DNA base pairs • Covalent bonds form b/w sugar-phosphate backbone • mRNA is released • DNA zips back up

  7. mRNA • Transcribes DNA message and carries it to ribosomes • RNApolymerase is the enzyme that matches up the base pairs • No T (thymine) so when it reads the nucleotide A on DNA it matches it with U (Uracil). CLICK ON PICTURE FOR ANIMATION ON TRANSCRIPTION

  8. Translation – using mRNA and tRNA to make proteins • Ribosomes are the site of protein synthesis • Click here to see mRNA and tRNA work together at that ribosome to build a protein

  9. Codon = 3 mRNA nucleotides (bases)Anti-codon = 3 tRNA nucleotides (bases)

  10. 3 bases code for 1 specific amino acid

  11. MessengerRNA RibosomalRNA TransferRNA Bringaminoacidstoribosome Combine withproteins tRNA mRNA Carryinstructions rRNA DNA Ribosome Ribosomes Concept Map Section 12-3 RNA can be also called which functions to also called which functions to also called which functions to from to to make up

  12. Review – by now you should know… • structure of DNA • How DNA replicates • Differences b/w DNA & RNA • Steps of Transcription & Translation • Parts of tRNA • 3 types of RNA

  13. Translation Section 12-3 Nucleus Messenger RNA Messenger RNA is transcribed in the nucleus. mRNA Lysine Phenylalanine Methionine tRNA Ribosome Start codon mRNA Go to Section:

  14. Mutation – permanent change in DNA • Important: • source of new variation important for evolution. • Causes: • viruses, high temps, chemicals, radiation

  15. 2 categories of mutations • 1) Gene mutations – may involve large segments of DNA or a single nucleotide • 2) Chromosome mutations – either changes in the structure of a chromosome or loss or gain of an entire chromosome

  16. Gene Mutations(large segments or a single nucleotide) • Point mutations: change in 1 nitrogen base • *Can do 1 of 3 things* • Change a.a. being coded for the protein • Change a.a. to a start and stop codon • Not change the a.a. or the protein at all • Example: sickle cell anemia http://www.intelihealth.com/i/P/PointMutationGEN.gif

  17. Gene Mutations(large segments or a single nucleotide) • Frameshift mutation:addition or deletion of a nitrogen base • Changes EVERY triplet & a.a. after the insertion or deletion of a nitrogen base • More severe since more a.a. are affected

  18. http://kvhs.nbed.nb.ca/gallant/biology/point_mutations.jpg

  19. http://staff.jccc.net/PDECELL/evolution/mutations/mutypes.gifhttp://staff.jccc.net/PDECELL/evolution/mutations/mutypes.gif

  20. Chromosomal Mutations Section 12-4 Deletion Insertion/ Duplication Inversion Translocation

  21. Chromosome mutations – either changes in the structure of a chromosome or loss or gain of an entire chromosome • Inversion: chromosome segment breaks off and then reattaches in reverse orientation to the same chr • Translocation: chr segment breaks off and attaches to different chr • Causes sterility in plants

  22. Chromosome mutations – either changes in the structure of a chromosome or loss or gain of an entire chromosome • Deletion: loss of a piece of chr due to chr breakage • Nondisjunction: a pair of homologous chr or single chr fails to separate during meiosis • 2 kinds of gametes result • 1) trisomy (extra chr…3 homologous chr’s ) • Down Syndrome (trisomy 21) • 2) monosomy (missing a chr…1 homologous chr instead of 2) • Ex: Turner’s Syndrome (X monosomy)

  23. Nondisjunction-Chromosome mutation

  24. Nondisjunction – Chr mutation http://www.biology.iupui.edu/biocourses/N100H/images/11nondisjunction.gif

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