Communication Problems

1. Communication Problems 绍兴文理学院元培学院外语系

2. Unit 2 Communication Problems Learning a foreign language means learning the ways in which the language reflects the ideas, customs, and behavior of that society.

3. Task 1: Word Exercises Task 2: Word Game—Jigsaw Guessing Task 3: A Speech Contest Task 4: Video Clip Task 5: Proverbs and Sayings

4. Task 1 Word Exercises Directions: Listen to the instruction. This is an example. Put the letter B in Box 1. Put the letter E in Box 3. B R E What do you think the word is? Here is some help. We put the letter R in Box 2. What do you think the word is? Here is some help. We eat it. The answer is “bread”. Now put letters in the boxes and make more words.

5. Listen and put letters in the boxes to make words. F R U I T S H O E S J U I C E B I L S L L O C K C A P P L E S H I R T F I L M S M U S I C O R S D O A D V I C E A N S W E R

6. Task 2 Word Game—Jigsaw Guessing Workshop Activity In the above task, you may have tasted the magic of English words. Now try to follow the example in the next slide to make some jigsaw puzzles for your classmates to guess, and enjoy the fun brought by the magic of words!

7. answer Task 2 Word Game—Jigsaw Guessing Directions: The following sentences are clues for your guessing. Firstly, try to get a word from what each sentence tells you, then make a word from the first letters of those words you get. Sentence 1. When you ask a question, you usually get an… moon Sentence 2. In the sky at night, big and bright. pen Sentence 3. You write with it. love Sentence 4. Last word in a letter to a good friend. Make a word from the first letters of these words. The hint: It gives you light. The answer: lamp

8. Sentence 1. Jingle Bells, Clementine and Old MacDonald are… Sentence 2. You need a fork, a… and a spoon for eating. Sentence 3. The first word in a letter. Sentence 4. Number between ten and twelve. The hint: A piece of furniture. songs knife dear eleven The answer: desk

9. Sentence 1. You do it when you are tired. Sentence 2. You cannot… milk or tea, but you can… apples, bread, cake and chocolate. Sentence 3. You do it on horses and bicycles. Sentence 4. When two cars crash into each other, they have an… The hint: A period of time. yawn eat ride accident The answer: year

10. Sentence 1. Not young but… Sentence 2. A hot drink, sometimes is made in bags. Sentence 3. They were in North America before the Europeans came. Sentence 4. You are called by it. The hint: A preposition. old tea Indians name The answer: into

11. Task 3 A Speech Contest Have you ever made speeches in public? When delivering speeches, different language styles should be carefully considered. Listen to an extract from the famous speech by Martin Luther King, Jr. “I Have a Dream”. Then you will be assigned different roles. You are supposed to prepare short speeches based on that role.

12. I   Havea   Dream MARTIN LUTHER KING, JR. I have a dream that one day this nation will rise up and live out the true meaning of its creedwe hold these truths to be self-evident, that all men are created equal. I have a dream that one day on the red hills of Georgia, sons of former slaves and sons of former slave-owners will be able to sit down together at the table of brotherhood. I have a dream that one day, even the state of Mississippi, a state sweltering with the heat of injustice, sweltering with the heat of oppression, will be transformed into an oasis of freedom and justice. I have a dream my four little children will one day live in a nation where they will not be judged by the color of their skin but by the content of their character. I have a dream today!

13. Directions: Now choose from the roles given and try to make a speech on “My Methods to Learn English”. Task 3 A Speech Contest

14. Task 3 A Speech Contest Roles for you to choose: Student lecturer Weather forecaster Graduation speaker Politician running for election

15. Student Lecturer—My Methods to Learn English When I entered a university, I found that my English was too poor and English seemed harder than ever. After some time of careful thinking, I made up my mind to study harder to grasp it. The first problem I faced was vocabulary. In order to solve it, I began to read more English articles on history, politics, literature, economy etc. Of course, the early experience was exhausting. I tried my best to avoid using a dictionary. But when I got used to it, it became interesting. Two months later I found surprisingly that I could read an article more fluently! Practice more and improve more. This is a law.

16. Task 4 Video Clip Successful language learning requires hard training and continuous practice. My Fair Lady will show you how to improve English pronunciation. After seeing the video, exchange good language learning experiences with your classmates.

17. Task 5 Proverbs and Sayings Actions speak louder than words. 事实胜于雄辩。 By reading we enrich the mind, by conversation we polish it. 读书使人充实，交谈使人精明。 Be swift to hear, slow to speak. 听宜敏捷，言宜缓行。 A word spoken is past recalling. 一言既出，驷马难追。

18. According to the article, what helped to solve the problems with relationships between Martians and Venusians? Work in groups to answer the following questions. Both Martians and Venusians were able to solve such relationship-linked problems because they could recognize that they were different. One of the secrets of their success was good communication. According to the article, they could communicate well because, interestingly, they spoke different languages.

19. Do you agree that men and women seldom mean the same things even when they use the same words? Are there any examples in the article that may support your point of view? Yes, I agree. Male speakers are more direct, and female speakers are more indirect or tactful. For instance, when a woman says, “I feel like you never listen.” she does not expect the word “never” to be taken literally. Using the word “never” is just a way of expressing the frustration she is feeling at the moment. It is not to be taken as if it were factual information.

20. Communication Between Martians and Venusians (Para. 1—3) The author here skillfully applies analogue (类比)into the communication problem between men and women. 1) When they had problems,they would just go to a translator for assistance. 2) When there was a conflict they didn’t start judging or fighting but insteadpulled out their phrase dictionaries to understand each other more fully. Communication Between Men and Women (Para. 4—9) For example, if a woman says, “I feel like you never listen”, “never” is just a way of expressing the frustration she is feeling at the moment. 1. One of the secrets of success in dealing with relationship is the good communication between Martians and Venusians. (Para. 1) 2. How did they communicate well though they spoke different languages? (Para. 2) 3. People from Mars and people from Venus experienced a trust and acceptance that we rarely experience today. (Para.3) 1. Men and women seldom mean the same things even when they use the same words. ( Para. 4) 2. Ten common complaints that are easily misinterpreted. (Para. 5—9)

21. 值得注意的是当两个从句并列时，后一个从句的引导词往往不可省略，以显示句子间的关系。此句中的that 就是这一用法。 • So when communication problems emerged, they assumed it was just one of those expected misunderstandings and that with a little assistance they would surely understand each other. (Line 14) 此句中，assume 后跟了两个宾语从句，一句为it was just one of those expected misunderstandings, 另一句为that with a little assistance they would surely understand each other。

22. 因此，当交流出现问题的时候，他们认为误解是必然的，这只是众多误解中的一个。同时，在些许帮助下，他们必定能够彼此理解。因此，当交流出现问题的时候，他们认为误解是必然的，这只是众多误解中的一个。同时，在些许帮助下，他们必定能够彼此理解。 • So when communication problems emerged, they assumed it was just one of those expected misunderstandings and that with a little assistance they would surely understand each other. (Line 14)

23. It is not to be taken as if it were factual information. (Line 22) as if所引导的从句的谓语动词多用虚拟语气，表示所叙述的情况与事实相反。

24. 具体用法如下： • 谈论现在情形，动词用过去时。 a) Why is she looking at me as if she knew me? 她为什么那样看我？像是认识我似的。 b) He behaves as if he owned the house. 他表现出来的样子好像这个房子是属于他的。

25. 谈论过去情形的动词形式有以下几种： 1) 过去时，表示过去的状态，如： • He stood there looking at me and laughing, as ifto fool me was the best joke in the world. 他站在那里，望着我哈哈大笑，好像愚弄我是天底下最开心的事儿似的。 • Mr. Coleman always talked as if he knew everything. 科尔曼先生说话时总是一副无所不知的样子。 • 但是，如果状态动词带有持续时间状语, 则用过去完成时： They talked as if they had been friends for years. 他们说话的样子仿佛是多年的朋友。

26. 过去完成时，表示过去的动作先于主句动词而发生或完成，如：过去完成时，表示过去的动作先于主句动词而发生或完成，如： a) It was as if he had lost his last friend. 他好像再没有朋友了。 • “I remember,” she tells her children now, “how wild her white hair looked—as if it had been electrified.” 她现在给她的孩子们说：“我还记得她那白色的头发有多么凌乱——好像过了电似的。”

27. 必须注意的是，在指过去的动作时，即使主句是 必须注意的是，在指过去的动作时，即使主句是 • 现在时，as if从句中的动词也要用过去完成时。 a) She looks as if she had seen a ghost. 她好像是见了鬼似的。 • He talks about Rome as if he had been there himself. 他讲起罗马的情况来就好像他去过那里似的。

28. He walks as if he is drunk. He walks as if he were drunk. • 如果as if后面的从句所表示的情况是真实的或很 可能是真实的，则动词可以用陈述语气，在 feel, look,seem, smell, sound, taste之后尤其如此。 第一句表示“他已经醉了”，第二句则表示“他没有醉”。

29. It is not to be taken as if it were factual information. (Line 22) 不要把它当作真实的意思来理解。

30. A man’s literal translation of “I don’t feel heard” leads him to take the woman’s complaint lightly. (Line 47) take sth. lightly/seriously 把······不当回事/认真对待······

31. 联合国敦促各金融机构更加认真对待水资源短缺问题。联合国敦促各金融机构更加认真对待水资源短缺问题。 UN urges financial institutions to take water scarcity more seriously. 当今时代，世界上还有一半人口遭受着饥荒, 健康状况不良以及生活质量低下，我们决不能再轻视人口问题。 At a time when half of the world is suffering from starvation, poor health and a deplorably low standard of living we simply cannot take lightly the population problem.

32. 男人从字面上去理解“没人听我讲话”，这使他对女人的抱怨不当回事。男人从字面上去理解“没人听我讲话”，这使他对女人的抱怨不当回事。 • A man’s literal translation of “I don’t feel heard” leads him to take the woman’s complaint lightly. (Line 47)

33. 1.encounter( Line 1, Para. 1) vt. find oneself faced by (danger, difficulties, etc.), meet (an enemy or enemies); meet unexpectedly (a friend, etc.) 遭遇（危险，困难）；遭逢（敌人）；邂逅（友人） 情景造句：Describe your process of pursuing success. Encountering difficulties in the process of pursuing success is quite normal. 在追求成功的过程中遇到困难是很正常的事情。 That Muslim ______________________________________ on his way to Mecca to make a pilgrimage. was encountered with an old friend from China 在前往麦加朝圣的路上，那位穆斯林意外地遇到了一位来自中国的老友。

34. n. sudden or unexpected (esp. hostile) meeting (with) 遭遇（尤指与敌人，与介词with连用） An encounter with a branch of Al-Qaeda ___________________________________ resulted in a serious injury in the American soldier’s left arm. 与基地组织一分支遭遇致使那位美军士兵左臂受重伤。

35. 2.assistance(Line 6, Para. 2) n. help; aid 帮助；援助 我可以帮你什么忙吗？ Can I be of any assistance to you? Chinese government is prepared to ___________________ to that quake-stricken African country. （提供经济援助） give financial assistance is of great assistance for The identity of world champion _____________________ Liu Guoliang to become one of the youngest head coaches of Chinese national table tennis team. （有着很大的帮助）

36. 动词形式：assist = help（正式用语）帮助；援助 他乐意帮助那些单亲家庭的孩子重返校园。 He is willing to assist those children from the single-parent families to go back to school.

37. aid, assistance与help • aid 多指因处于困境或危难之时需要别人的帮助或援救。 e.g. 他愿意去帮助那些不幸的人。 He is willing to go to the aid of those ill-fated people. • assistance主要指在共同工作中对所属的部分工作做出 贡献。assistance 不一定都是在紧迫的情况下提供帮助。 • help 的用法最为普遍，assistance 最为正式，aid 次之。 help 往往是出于同情而提供帮助。 e.g. 他已经给了我们很多的帮助。 He has already given us a lot of help.

38. 3.conflict(Line 8, Para. 2) n. 1) fight; struggle; quarrel 战争；斗争；争执 This is a serious dispute, and could lead to armed conflict. 这是一场严重的争执，有可能导致武装冲突。 There is a growing conflict of interest between her position as a politician and her business activities. 她从政者的身份和她的商务活动之间的利益冲突日益严重。

39. 2) (of opinion, desires, etc.) opposition; difference （指意见，欲望等）相左；冲突；抵触 vi. be in opposition or disagreement 相反，抵触，冲突 他的陈述明显与其他证据相抵触。 His statement was apparently in conflictwith other evidence. 他们对于那起车祸原因的报告与我们的报告出入很大。 Their account of the road accident conflictswith ours.

40. 4.pull out(Line 8, Para.2) 1) take something out of a bag, pocket, or cupboard 拿出 pulled out all That disarming young man ______________ ____________________ to show to the two strangers in the same carriage. (Adapted from Feng Xiaogang’s 2005 new year movie A World Without Thieves) his money from his bag 那个毫无戒心的年轻人从包里拿出自己所有的钱给同车厢的两个陌生人看。（编自冯小刚2005年贺岁片《天下无贼》）

41. 2) use force to take something from where it is fixed or held 拔出，拉出 情景造句：拔牙 You’d better have that bad tooth pulled out tomorrow. 情景造句：拔掉瓶子的盖子 Pulling outthe lid of that bottle needs great strength.

42. 5.emerge(Line 14, Para. 3) vi. 1) come into view; appear 出现；现出（与from连用） 2) (of facts, ideas) appear; become known （指事实，意见）暴露；显出；出现 太阳从云后出现。 The sun emerged from behind the clouds. 他才是杀人凶手的事实在审问(interrogation)中被暴露出来。 That fact that he was just the murderer emerged from theinterrogation. 讨论中没有出现新的想法。 No new ideas emerged during the discussion.

43. appear与emerge • 这两个词都是不及物动词。均可指人或事物的出 现或显露，也可以指抽象概念，如思想观念的暴 露，事实或问题的揭露等等。 • emerge 后常接介词from。有时表示经过调查、询 问之后才使事实、思想或问题暴露出来； appear 在作系动词时，与seem用法相似，表示“看 起来”、“显得”等意思，其后可接不定式、形容词 或介词短语。

44. That man _______ to be your partner but I’m investigating if he really is. • Eventually the truth of the matter ________. • A smile ________ on his face. • Quite a few successful businessmen _________ from poor families. 请选择appear 或 emerge 的适当形式填空。 appears emerged appeared emerged

45. 6.assume(Line 14, Para. 3) vt. 1) believe something is true without definite proof 假定, 假设, 臆想 American national basketball team is not as unconquerable as you assumed it to be. 美国国家篮球队并不像你想象的那样不可战胜。 我们先假定他的说法是可信的。 Let us first assume his statement to be believable.

46. 2) take up; undertake 担任；承担 名词形式：assumption assumes a leading position Her father ______________________ in that state-owned enterprise.（担任领导职务） You should ________________________ of what you have done.（承担所有的责任） assume all the responsibilities

47. assume,guess,imagine与suppose • 这几个词都表示对客观情况在未证实以前就做出主观的推 断或提出自己的看法与设想。 • suppose (vt.)表示“想”、“认为”时，可以接从句或者复合宾 语（补足语多为 to be, 其他情况多用不定式的完成时或进 行时）。 1) I suppose (that) we’ll meet him at that hotel. 我想我们将在那家酒店见他。 2) Few people supposed that young man (to be) innocent. 没多少人认为那个年轻人是清白的。 3) His brother was supposed to have already left for England. 大家以为他的弟弟已经动身去了英格兰。

48. suppose 的设想还有某些根据，而 guess (vt./vi.)则有随意 性，只是随便的猜测，其后也可接从句。如果guess后接 answer, riddle, thought等词，可作“猜着了”理解。 1)Can you guess my age? 你能猜出我的年龄吗？ 2) Guess what I am doing. 猜猜我在做什么。 3) The little girl guessed the right answer immediately. 那个小女孩儿立刻猜着了正确答案。 • imagine (vt.)是指思想中形成的图景，想象或猜想某事物 可能发生或存在，往往没有什么根据和把握。其后的宾语 除名词和代词外，还可接动名词、复合宾语和从句。

49. 1)Can you imagine her becoming a famous hostess of CCTV? 你能想象她成了中央电视台的著名主持人吗？ 2) You cannot imagine how happy I was to know that my daughter was still alive. 你无法想象当我得知女儿还活 着的时候有多么高兴。 • assume (vt.)的“假设”往往强调以某种设想或条件（并未 证明）作根据进行推论，用法较正式。其后可接复合宾 语和that从句。 e.g. She assumes that you always get up at the same time. 她想你总是在同一个时间起床。

50. I failed to ________ her thought. • They are _________ to arrive on the six o’clock passenger train from London. • He said he could _________ the scene clearly in his mind. • That young man _________ the girl to be a warm-hearted traveler, but she was in fact a thief. • It might be safely _________ that there are nocreatures on the moon. 请选择 assume, guess, imagine 或 suppose 的适当形式填空。 guess supposed imagine supposed assumed