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Biological Evolution

Biological Evolution. Standard B – 5.5. Standard B-5. The student will demonstrate an understanding of biological evolution and the diversity of life.

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Biological Evolution

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  1. Biological Evolution Standard B – 5.5

  2. Standard B-5 The student will demonstrate an understanding of biological evolution and the diversity of life. Indicator B – 5: Exemplify scientific evidence in the fields of anatomy, embryology, biochemistry and paleontology that underlies the theory of biological evolution.

  3. Key Concepts • Fossils (Paleontology) • Anatomy • Homologous structures • Vestigial structures • Embryology • Biochemistry (Molecular Biology)

  4. What You Already Know! In the 8th grade, you summarized how scientists study Earth’s past environment and diverse life-forms by examining different types of fossils. You also illustrated the vast diversity of life that has been present on Earth over time by using the geologic time scale and inferred the relative age of rocks and fossils from index fossils and ordering of rock layers.

  5. What You Should Understand After This Lesson How scientific studies in the fields of anatomy, embryology, biochemistry, and paleontology have contributed scientific evidence for the theory of evolution.

  6. Objective • Exemplify scientific evidence in the fields of anatomy, embryology, biochemistry, and paleontology. • Illustrate evidence for biological evolution using pictures, diagrams, words. • Infer relationships among organisms based on evidence from each field of science.

  7. Vocabulary • Fossil • Fossil Record • Comparative Anatomy • Homologous structure • Analogous structure • Vestigial structure • Embryology • Biochemistry

  8. Evidences of Evolution Evidence of common ancestry among species comes from many sources. • Fossil Record (Paleontology) • Comparative Anatomy • Embryology • Biochemistry (Molecular Biology)

  9. Fossils (Paleontology) • Paleontology is the study of prehistoric life. • Provides valid evidence of life forms and environments along a timeline. • Comparing current and ancient species shows a pattern of gradual change. • Tells a story of the types of organisms that have lived on Earth.

  10. Fossil of Horsetail from 300 million years ago.

  11. Paleontologists work among some of the hundreds of full-sized fossils of mammals in Nebraska’s Ashfall. Nearly 12 million years ago a volcano spewed its ashes on this land burying many of the mammals. This is the only fossil bed on Earth to have full-size mammals.

  12. Comparative Anatomy • The study of the structure of organisms. • Study many anatomical structures. • Homologous Structures • Same structure, different function • Analogous Structures • Same function, different structure • Vestigial Structures • Structures that no longer serve a purpose

  13. Homologous Structures

  14. Homologous Structures

  15. Analogous Structures

  16. Analogous Structures

  17. Vestigial Structures

  18. Feathers of an ostrich are considered vestigial structures. The hind legs of a whale are considered vestigial structures.

  19. Embryology • The study of embryonic development of organisms. • Comparing the anatomies of embryos. • An early stage of an organism: • Pre-birth • Pre-hatching • Pre-generation

  20. Can you tell which one is the human? The cat? The horse? The cow?

  21. Ernst Haeckel’s Vertebrate Embryo Ontogeny Figure From left: fish, salamander, turtle, chicken, pig, cow, rabbit, human

  22. Biochemistry • Comparing the DNA and RNA of organisms to look for similarities. • Studies genes and proteins to provide support for biological evolution.

  23. Organization of Evidence • Phylogeny is the history of a species • Phylogenic trees show how organisms are related

  24. Field of Paleontology • Fossil Records provide information about the order of divergence • Transitional Fossils show links in traits • Confirms evolutionary relationships

  25. Field of Biochem • Phylogenies can be made by assuming DNA, proteins, and other molecules increase over time • Greater overall similarity • Time since change is called “molecular clock • Comparison of DNA sequences prove the most reliable evidence

  26. Field of Anatomy • Pylogenies can be made assuming anatomical difference increase over time • Similar organisms are more recently related • Divergence = differences over time • Anatomy helps make phylogenetic trees • Similar locations, but not related = Convergence

  27. Taxonomy and Phylogenetic trees • There are 3 domains • A phylogenetic tree is a diagram to represent history • Organisms are classified into major taxa

  28. Taxonomy and Phylogenetic trees

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