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Railway Transportation: Efficient and Versatile Land Transport System

Learn about the benefits, infrastructure, and operations of railway transportation, a reliable and sustainable mode of land transport. Discover its different power sources, capacity, and advantages for both passengers and freight.

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Railway Transportation: Efficient and Versatile Land Transport System

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  1. ME 431 TRANSPORT TECHNOLOGY CHAPTER 2. TRANSPORTATION SYSTEMS

  2. CHAPTER 2. TRANSPORTATION SYSTEMS 2.1 Land transportation 2.1.1 RAILWAY TRANSPORT 2.1.2 ROAD TRANSPORT 2.2 Water transportation 2.3 Air transportation

  3. 2.1 Land Transportation 2.1.1 RAILWAY TRANSPORT A RAILWAY- ALSO KNOWN AS RAILROAD - IS A SPECIALLY CONSTRUCTED TRACK USED SOLELY FOR THE MOVEMENT OF VEHICLES (waggons) AND TRACTION UNITS (locomotives) FITTED WITH SPECIALLY DESIGNED FLANGED WHEELS. USUALLY IT CATERS FOR BOTH PASSENGERS AND GOODS TRAFFIC.

  4. Weight/2 Weight/2 Steel wheels and steel rails Gauge = 1.067m (or 1.435m) Sleepers (wood, steel or concrete) Road bed of hard rock crushed to a particular size THE WAY THE TRACK CONSIST OF STEEL RAILS FIXED TO WOODEN, CONCRETE OR STEEL SLEEPERS ON A ROAD BED OF HARD ROCK CRUSHED TO A PARTICULAR SIZE, GRAVE, ASHES OR INDIGENEOUS SOIL.

  5. 1 50 THE GRADIENT THAT THE TRAINS CAN CLIMB IS GENERALLY LIMITED TO A MAXIMUM VALUE OF 1 IN 50 (OR 2%) THAT MEANS, A TRAIN SHOULD NOT MOVE UP MORE THAN A 1 METER WHEN IT TRAVELS A HORIZANTAL DISTANCE OF 50 METERS. RESISTANCES TO MOTION OF TRAINS ARE: • GRADIENT RESISTANCE • AIR RESISTANCE • INERTIA RESISTANCES • FRICTIONAL RESISTANCE • ROLLING RESISTANCE • CURVE RESISTANCE

  6. POWERTRACTIVE POWER USED IN RAILWAY TRANSPORT IS DERIVED FROM THE FOLLOWING: • STEAM-ENGINES --- STEAM, PRODUCED IN THE LOCOMOTIVE BY BURNING COAL, OIL OR OTHER FUEL IN FIREBOX OR FURNACE, IS USED TO OPERATE RECIPROCATING ENGINES OR TURBINES. • INTERNAL-COMBUSTION ENGINES---DIESEL ENGINES, SPARK IGNITION MOTORS OR COMPRESSION IGNITION MOTORS, THE POWER FROM WHICH IS TRANSMITTED TO THE WHEELS BY TORQUE CONVERTORS, ELECTRICITY OR HYDRAULIC ARMS. • ELECTRICITY -- FROM AN EXTERNAL POWER SUPPLY DELIVERED TO LAND SUB-STATIONS AND THEN TO AN OVERHEAD CONTACT WIRE OR RAIL FROM WHICH THE LOCOMOTIVE CAN DRAW ELECTRICITY TO ROTATE WHEELS BY ELECTRİC MOTORS

  7. HERE ARE THE TRAINS OF DIFFERENT POWER SOURCES:STEAM-ENGINES INTERNAL-COMBUSTION ENGINESELECTRICITY FROM AN EXTERNAL POWER SUPPLY

  8. THE VEHICLES FREIGHT TRAIN LOADS OF SEVERAL THOUSANDS of TONES, CONSISTING OF 200 OR MORE VEHICLES, HAULED BY SEVERAL LOCOMOTIVES, ARE COMMON ON MANY RAILWAYS THROUGH THE WORLD. BULK HANDLİNG İN SPECİALİZED VEHİCLES İS BEİNG EXTENDED TO ALL TYPES OF COMMODİTİES WHİCH LEND THEMSELVES TO THİS PRACTİCE İN ORDER TO ELİMİNATE OR REDUCE PACKAGİNG COSTS. THERE ARE ALSO COMPENSATİNG ADVANTAGES TO THE RAİLWAY SYSTEMS İN FASTER WAGON TURN ­AROUND BECAUSE OF REDUCED LOADİNG AND UNLOADİNG TİMES

  9. TERMINALS RAILWAY LINES SERVE POINTS WHERE THERE ARE CONCENTRATIONS OF PEOPLE AND ACTIVITIES, AND THE MAGNITUDE OF THE CONCENTRATIONS INFLUENCES THE LOCATION OF THE TERMINALS. THE PRINCIPLE IN THE SELECTION OF THE TERMINAL POINTS IS THE GREATEST CONVENIENCE TO THE GREATEST NUMBER REFLECTED IN CHEAP TRANSPORT. Passengers load and unload themselves, but facilities at terminals to handle goods traffic are matched with the various kinds of traffic, which may be broadly classified as under: (a) Vehicle or car load traffic (F.C.L-.full car load)-goods from one consignor to one consignee sufficient in quantity to use the full capacity of one or more railway carrying vehicles; and (b) Less-than-vehicle load, or less-than-car load(L.C.L.)traffic and all other traffic

  10. SPEED THE SPEED OF RAILWAY TRANSPORT MUST BE JUDGED FROM TWO ASPECTS, NAMELY- A)THE SPEED AT WHICH VEHICLES CAN,AND DO, MOVE ALONG THE PERMANENT WAY,AND B)THE DURATION OF TRANSIT-THAT IS, THE TIME ELAPSING BETWEEN DEPARTURE AND ARRIVAL TIME FOR PASSENGER TRAINS, OR THE TIME ELAPSING BETWEEN THE TIME GOODS ARE RECEIVED AT THE POINT OF ORIGIN AND THE TIME AT WHICH SUCH ARE DISCHARGED AT POINT OF DESTINATION. In a practical sense, however, speed must be based on the duration of the journey because journeys may be interrupted by stops at intermediate points to unload or load some passengers or goods, or to allow other trains to pass on a single track. In the case of goods, the transit time may be further extended by undue delay in sorting of less-than-vehicle load traffic or in assembling trains at the terminal of origin. Therefore, the average speed of the train, based on the relation of the distance travelled to the total transit time, will be less than the speed which the train is capable of maintaining in an uninterrupted movement along the permanent way. Because of this, railway systems vary the services offered by providing some express trains which run between two main terminals without stopping or stopping only at a few selected intermediate points.

  11. CAPACITYTHE CAPACITY OF A RAILWAY SYSTEM MAY BE MEASURED IN TERMS OF THE FOLLOWING:1.THE RANGE OF VEHICLES AVAILABLE TO CONFORM TO THE KIND OF TRAFFIC TO BE HANDLED2.THE SPEED AT WHICH VEHICLES CAN BE TURNED AROUND.3.THE NUMBER, POWER AND SPEED OF LOCOMOTIVES TO HAUL THE TRAFFIC.4. THE TIME INTERVALS AT WHICH TRAINS MAY BE DESPATCHED, USUALLY REFERRED TO AS TRACK CAPACITY.5. THE SIZE AND FLEXIBILTY OF TERMINALS TO DEAL WITH TRAFFIC.6. LIMITATIONS IMPOSED BY THE LOADING GUAGE.

  12. Structure Of Railway • The whole combination of track (ballast, rails, fixtures) and the formations constitutes the permanent way. • A railway track consists of a pair of rails fixed to sleepers restinct on ballast. The ballast is laid over a prepared sub grade or formation. The rails are kept in position by sleepers and are fastened to them by different type of fastening. • The component parts of a permanent way are thus; • Rails • Sleepers • Fixtures and fastening • Formation of sub-grade

  13. Two tracks with relative slopes (1in 40) to each other to ensure a spacing in between

  14. Weight/2 Weight/2 Steel wheels and steel rails Gauge = 1.067m (or 1.435m) Sleepers (wood, steel or concrete) Road bed of hard rock crushed to a particular size • When a train runs over the track, the rail act as girders and transmit the entire wheel load to the sleepers. • The sleepers in turn transfer the load from the rails to the ballast which distributes the load to the formation

  15. Rails: • Rails are rolled steel section laid end to end in two parallel lines over the sleepers to form railway track. • Functions of the rails are; • To provide continuous and level surface for the movement of trains. • To serve as a guide to the running wheels. • To transmit moving loads to the sleepers.

  16. Types Of Rails: • There are three different sections of rails in use. They are • Flat Footed (FF) • Bull headed and (BH) • Double headed (DH)

  17. Rail joints are necessary to connect the rails at joining ends of rails in the correct position to ensure continuity. Joints form the weakest parts of the track. At a rail joint the adjoining rails are joined together by means of fish plates one or either side of the joint. A gap of 6 to 15 mm is usually kept between the adjoining rail ends to allow for expansion of rails Sleepers are placed closer at the rail joint for more stability of the track. Modern track is required to meet higher speeds and axle loads. Therefore joints are eliminatedto minimum by welding rails for long lengths of 1 km and over

  18. Rail joints/connections

  19. Rails in curve and joints staggared

  20. The two wheels are connected by an axle and the connect flanges slide smoothly due to the lateral movement and eliminate sudden shock to the rails. The bogie(carriage) is maintained in the central position of the track which is the main purpose of coning. On curves, the outer wheel has to cover of a greater distance than the inner one. The wheels would move side ways towards the outer rail. The bigger circumference of the outer wheel and the smaller circumference of the inner wheel will be in contact with the rails. Therefore the outer wheel covers a longer distance and the wheel slip is eliminated due to the coning of the flanges.

  21. Bogie/carriage

  22. 2.1.2 ROAD TRANSPORT ROAD TRANSPORT USES WHEELED VEHICLES ON NATURAL OR IMPROVED SOIL. The natural soil may be improved by: • smoothing and grading the surface; • draining to prevent damage by water; • providing durable surfaces by laying gravel, crushed rock, reinforced concrete or blocks of stone or wood; • sealing surfaces with bituminous materials to prevent erosion by water and to act as a palliative for dust; and • providing bridges, culverts or tunnels to overcome natural obstructions.

  23. Roads are classified based on the use as: • Streets or local roads-those primarily for immediate access to residential, business or other premises, farms and other places where there are human activities. • Arterial roads-those between cities and towns or connecting industrial areas thereto. • Expressways or freeways-arterial roads intended to permit continuous and fast movement and with limited access from the sides. • Parkways-those traversing parklands or reservations and intended for non-commercial traffic only.

  24. VEHICLES AND POWER THE VEHICLES USED IN ROAD TRANSPORT INCLUDE THOSE: • SOME DRAWN BY ANIMALS(PARTICULARLY HORSES), • SOME DRAWN OR PROPELLED BY PEOPLE (RICKSHAWS AND CYCLES) AND • SOME PROPELED BY ELECTRIC MOTORS DRAWING POWER FROM BATTERIES. • SOME PROPELLED BY FUEL ENGINES IT WILL, HOWEVER, BE DESIRABLE TO RESTRICT THIS SURVEY TO THOSE WHICH ARE PROPELLED BY INTERNAL COMBUSTION ENGINES WHICH MAY BE SPARK IGNITION OR COMPRESSION IGNITION. THE MOST COMMONLY USED FUELS ARE PETROLEUM PRODUCTS SUCH AS PETROL (GASOLINE), KEROSENE AND SOME HEAVIER DISTILLATES.

  25. Road vehicles vary in construction according to purpose-the carriage of goods or people, or both.

  26. Passenger-carrying vehicles range from a capacity of one person or a few persons to about 50, but the dimensions are the main factors because people require floor and air space rather than actual mass carrying capacity. Passenger vehicles may be divided broadly into two classes: - • Motor cars-powered vehicles designed to carry less than ten people. • Motor buses or coaches-powered vehicles, or combination of tractor and semi-trailer, designed to carry ten or more people

  27. Goods-carrying vehicles are designed according to the kind and quantity of goods to be carried and the appropriate methods of loading, unloading and protecting the goods The units and combinations cover the full range shown in figure of next slide, and a powered vehicle is usually referred to as a truck.

  28. The units and combinations shown are as under: • A. Single vehicle containing the engine and carrying body. Usually has two wheel axles but, in some instances, may have three or four axles. • B. Tractor containing the engine only. This is used for hauling un-powered vehicles and may have two, three, or four axles. • C. Full trailer-non-powered vehicle carrying the whole of its own mass and that of the load may have two or more axles. • D. Semi-trailer-an un-powered vehicle having axles at rear end only and requiring support by a tractor at the front end. May have one, two or more axles. • E. Train consisting of dual-purpose vehicle (A) and full trailer (C) - • F. Train consisting of tractor (B) and full trailer (C). • G. Tractor (B) and semi-trailer (D) coupled to form a single operating unit. • H. Train consisting of tractor (B), semi-trailer (D) and full trailer (C).

  29. TERMINALS IN THE MOVEMENT OF PEOPLE , TERMINALS ARE PLACES OF ASSEMBLY, DISCHARGE OR TRANSFER PASSENGERS AT A LIMITED NUMBER OF POINTS ON A ROUTE. THE SIZE AND CHARACTER OF THE FACILITIES AT THESE POINTS DEPEND LARGELY ON THE VOLUME OF TRAFFIC AND FREQUENCY OF SERVICES. GOODS TERMINALS REQUIRE FACILITIES FOR ACCUMULATION OF OUTGOING CONSIGNMENTS PENDING FURTHER TRANSPORT TO CONSIGNEES. THE FACİLİTİES MAY İNCLUDE PLATFORMS AND HANDLİNG AND LİFTİNG APPLİANCES TO MATCH THE KİNDS AND VOLUME OF GOODS PASSİNG THROUGH THE TERMİNAL.

  30. SUSCEBTIBILITY TO INCLEMENT WEATHER ROAD TRANSPORT CAN BE AFFECTED BY RAIN, FLOOD,STORM, SNOW, ICE AND FOG WHICH MAY RENDER ROADS IMPASSABLE. IN DESERT, IN TROPICAL COUNTRIES AND OTHER HOT AREAS HEAT MAY VAPORIZE SOME LIQUID FUELS SUCH AS THE LIGHTER DISTILLATES FROM PETROLEUM. HEAT MAY ALSO UNDULY EXPAND THE AİR İN PNEUMATİC TYRES AND LEAD TO THEİR DESTRUCTİON. ROADS ARE SUSCEPTİBLE TO DAMAGE BY RAİN, FLOOD, İCE AND SNOW.

  31. CAPACITY THE CARRIYING CAPACITY OF PASSENGER VEHICLES IS DETERMINED BY FLOOR SPACE AVAILABLE, AND THIS IS INCREASED IN SOME INSTANCES BY HAVING TWO DECKS. THE CARRYİNG CAPACİTY OF GOODS-CARRYİNG VEHİCLES İS LİMİTED BY- • the total mass which may be imposed on the floor of the carrying body; and • the volume of the space within a fully-enclosed body, or withinthe height, width and length of load, permitted by law.

  32. THE RELATIONSHIP OF STOWAGE SPACE TO MASS-CARRYING CAPACITY VARIES WITH THE SIZE OF VEHICLES AND ANY SPECIAL EQUIPMENT ATTACHED. BUT, IN GENERAL , BOTH CAPACITIES ARE FULLY ABSORBED WHEN THE GOODS LOADED HAVE A DENSITY OF 320 TO 480 KILOGRAMS PER CUBIC METRE. RAILWAY VEHICLES, ON THE OTHER HAND, ARE FULLY LOADED WITH GOODS HAVING A DENSITY OF 400 TO 560 KILOGRAMS PER CUBIC METRE.

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