Review 3

1. Review 3 1400 - 1750

2. The Age of ExplorationLed by Portugal and Spain 1400-1750

3. The UltimateReasons to Explore….The Three G’s(political) Glory(economic) Gold(religious) GodThe conquistadors, or the conquerors emerge for all three reasons.

4. Portuguese Explorations: Trading Empire

5. Vasco da Gama • In 1497 led four ships on an expedition to India. • First to sail around Africa and reach India

6. Sailed from Portugal to Calicut, India

7. Spanish ExplorationsLand Based Empire

8. Spain : Land Based EmpireWhy? • Spain and Portugal had similar motives and identical ships and weapons • What happened? • Isolation of the Americans made the motives different • American lands much were easier to dominate than Asian and African lands • Resorted to conquest and plunger rather than trade

9. Christopher Columbus: • Born in Genoa, Italy • In 1492, Queen Isabella and King Ferdinand financed an expedition for Columbus to find a new route to India heading west. • Their reason: the “Three G’s” • Carried a letter to the Grand Khan (Chinese emperor)

10. First Circumnavigator of the Globe Ferdinand Magellan • Sponsored by Spain in 1519, the Portuguese explorer set out to find a western route to India • Charted a narrow waterway named Strait of Magellan which enabled sailors to cross the Pacific Ocean. • 1521 died in the Philippines • 18 sailors complete the mission back to Spain

12. English ExplorersJohn Cabot - 1497 • Sent by King Henry VII • His discovery gives England the claim to most of Eastern North America!

13. Financed by the Dutch

14. The Eve of Invasion • In 1492 anthropologists estimate there were about 75 million Native Americans in the Western Hemisphere; 25 million in Mexico • By 1650 there are less than 10 million in the hemisphere; 1 million in Mexico!

15. Reasons for Victory… • Superior military technologies: armor, steel swords, fire arms, cannons • Division & Discontent among the Indians. • Disease brought by the Europeans • Spanish imposed forced labor and religious conversion to control their empire

16. Cortes Treated as a God… • Arrived in 1519 with 11 ships, 500+ men and a few cannons • Taught to be the arrival of the great god Quetzalcoatl • 8 months of peace • Cortes formed an alliance with those enslaved tribes who hate their Aztec • It took two years for Cortes to conqueror the empire.

17. Conquest of Peru • In 1531, Pizarro sailed from Panama city with about 180 men. • The Spaniards find the Inca’s trying to recover from civil war. • Had he come early he would have met a united empire. • Pizzaro uses the Inca’s own roads to get to them. They have 14,000 miles of road!

18. COLUMBIAN EXCHANGE… WHAT IS IT?

20. Land Claims in the Americas About 1750

21. In Spanish America, the mix of diverse people gave rise to a new very strict class system: • Peninsulares, people born in Spain, were at the top of society. • Creoles, American-born descendents of Spanish settlers, were next. • Mestizos were people of Native American and European descent. • Mulattoes were people of African and European descent. Spanish Colonial Society

22. How were the French and English colonies both similar to and different from those of Spain and Portugal? • English • favored removal of Native Americans rather than assimilation • French • preferred a policy of conversion of native peoples to Christianity. • Similarities • All colonizers met native peoples with a mixture of violence and diplomacy. • African slaves were important in much of the Americas. • Differences • Rather than controlling American expansion through their central governments, both nations acted through private corporations and individual proprietors. • colonized with larger percentages of Europeans

23. SLAVERY

24. What are the various theories as to why African slave labor was so widely used in the Americas? • Several/ schools of thought. A once popular theory held that Africans were more resistant to disease, as well as better suited to heavy work in tropical climates. • Another held that use of Africans was motivated primarily by prejudice. • Eric Williams has refuted that particular theory with his famous quote that “Slavery was not born of racism: rather, racism was the consequence of slavery.” • Another assertion was that slaves were cheap. They were not, but since white Europeans’ indentures were relatively brief, the high cost of slaves could be minimized over a longer period of time. • Rising sugar prices also meant that sugar growers could afford more expensive African slaves.

25. The Atlantic Slave Trade • started in the 1500s to fill the need for labor in Spain’s American empire. • Europeans relied on European traders and African tribes to seize captives in the interior and bring them to coastal trade posts and fortresses.

27. Triangular Trade Grows The Atlantic slave trade formed one part of a three-legged trade network know as the triangular trade.

28. Original Triangle Trade Route: Slaves, Sugar & Rum Rum Sugar Slaves

30. Destinations of Enslaved Africans, 1500–1870 Greatest sugar producer in 1600 – Brazil Greatest sugar producer in 18th century – Saint Domingue (Haiti)

31. How did the Saharan slave trade differ from the Atlantic slave trade? • While the number of enslaved Africans in the Saharan trade was smaller than in Atlantic trade, it was still substantial. • Indigenous Muslim states controlled both sides of the Saharan trade, although most of the slaves were non-Muslim African captives. • Islamic law prohibited the enslavement of Muslims, but some where still enslaved • Slaves served different purposes in Muslim societies than in the Americas: most were servants; others performed state and military functions. The Atlantic slave trade was heavily male; the Saharan slave trade heavily female.

32. Impact of the Atlantic Slave Trade • By the 1800s, an estimated 11 million enslaved Africans had reached the Americas. Another 2 million probably died during the Middle Passage • In West Africa, the loss of countless numbers of young women and men resulted in some small states disappearing forever. Slave Collar So a runaway could be heard!

33. The Economic Systems of Mercantilism & Capitalism Appear • Mercantilism comprised the policies of European states to promote overseas trade and defend national interests. • Protect trade and accumulate precious metals • English Navigation Acts –confine ships to English ships and cargoes • Capitalism (means of production are privately owned) involving the management of large financial resources through banks, stock exchanges, and trading companies. • Mercantilist policies that supported capitalism included chartered companies, tariffs, and trade laws. • The largest capitalist overseas investments were in the sugar plantations of the Caribbean.

34. Mercantilism New Economic System • Governmental control was exercised over domestic industry and all trade • Believed that national strength is secured by more exports than imports • All resources were for the benefit of the mother country • Real wealth was measured in the amount of gold and silver in the national treasury

35. The Reformation, 1350-1600: Europe Divides Over Religion

36. The Protestant Reformation • During the 1500s reformers called for changed that would unleash forces that would shatter Christian unity. • The movement is known as the Protestant Reformation. • wants change or protests the practices of the Catholic Church.” Why? Mainly • Pope Leo X • Authorized the selling of Indulgences (forgiveness of punishment) • Prayer, pilgrimage, donation to church

37. Royal Centralization 1500-1750 • Royal power in Europe • Limited the power of the church and subordinated the church to state • Establish stronger national institutions, made uniform laws, common national languages and tore down defensive fortification of nobles and independent cities • Spain • Philip II used inquisition to suppress suspected protestants • France • Louis XIII and XIV suppressed Protestantism

38. Founded by Henry VIII • Left Catholic Church • No heir to throne • Couldn’t get a divorce • Declared the “Act of Supremacy” 1536 • Made himself head of Church, no pope • Claimed all church lands for the throne • Allowed divorce in special circumstances • Church of England controlled its own finances Church of EnglandAnglican Church

39. The Teachings of Martin Luther 3 • German monk started the Protestant Reformation • Rejected Pope’s authority • Rejected selling of indulgences • Salvation is achieved through faith alone. • The Bible is the sole source of religious truth. • All Christians have equal access to God through faith and the Bible.

40. Salvation through faith alone • Bible as only source • God decides fate from conception; there is an elect or chosen: Predestination • Why? People are sinful by nature, imperfect people can not choose God, God must choose! • Stressed hard work, discipline, honesty, and morality • Banned swearing, dancing, provocative dress, fighting • Also no drinking or gambling • Like Luther wanted Christian education for boys and girls Calvinist Beliefs

42. Widespread Persecution 4 • In some places, Jews were forced to live in ghettos • expelled from Christian lands and their books and synagogues were burned. • After Jews rejected his Protestant Reformation, Martin Luther wrote several anti-Semitic articles. Hitler later used Luther as justification for the Holocaust Map of Jewish expulsions and resettlement areas in Europe. 1100-1500.

43. Reform Brings Witch Hunts…. • Religion at the time • Europeans were shaped by a mixture of Christian and folk traditions (supernatural and magical causes) • Causes • Disasters such as crop failures could be construed as punishment for sin or as due to evil magic. • a violent reaction to the social tensions, rural poverty and environmental strains. • authorities tried over a hundred thousand people, three fourths of them women, for practicing witchcraft.

44. How will the Church Respond?

45. The Catholic Counter-Reformation • Main Goals: • To eliminate church abuses • Clarify its teachings • Reestablish Pope’s authority • Stop the loss of any more • believers from the Catholic Church Counter Punch to the Protestants

46. The Catholic Counter-Reformation • To accomplish these goals, he: • Strengthened the Inquisition • Called the Council of Trent to establish the direction that reform should focus on. • Established the Jesuits, to combat heresy and spread the Catholic faith. Pope Paul III

47. Council of Trent Reforms1545-1563 • The Council affirmed the following beliefs: • Salvation through faith & goods works • Only the Church could explain the Bible • Tradition is a source of religious truth, not only the Bible • Pope is the highest and final authority on earth

48. The Inquisition • The Inquisition, church court tried heretic – old news • censored all Protestant texts • Destroyed and/or burned all books of the reformers • Some heretics burned at the stake

49. Effects of the Reformation • End of all religious unity in Europe • Founding of many new religious faiths • Strengthening of monarchs over church authority in some areas of Europe • Wide-spread literacy and parochial schools • Middle class continues to gain power through their Protestant virtues • Increased hatred for the Jews or anti-semitism increases across Europe • Legacy of wonderful cultural creations