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Wireless Sensors Reliable Networks and Changing Paradigms

Wireless Sensors Reliable Networks and Changing Paradigms. Kris Pister Founder & Chief Technologist, Dust Networks (Prof. EECS, UC Berkeley). Dust sells reliable, low power mesh networks to OEMs. OEMs. End Users. Outline. History Applications Standards Technology. Berkeley Demos – 2001.

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Wireless Sensors Reliable Networks and Changing Paradigms

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  1. Wireless SensorsReliable Networks and Changing Paradigms Kris Pister Founder & Chief Technologist, Dust Networks (Prof. EECS, UC Berkeley)

  2. Dust sells reliable, low power mesh networks to OEMs OEMs End Users

  3. Outline • History • Applications • Standards • Technology

  4. Berkeley Demos – 2001 Motes dropped from UAV, detect vehicles, log and report direction and velocity Intel Developers Forum, live demo 800 motes, 8 level dynamic network, 50 temperature sensors for HVAC deployed in 3 hours. $100 vs. $800 per node. Seismic testing demo: real-time data acquisition, $200 vs. $5,000 per node vs.

  5. Sensor Networks Take Off! Industry Analysts Take Off! $8.1B market for Wireless Sensor Networks in 2007 Source: InStat/MDR 11/2003 (Wireless); Wireless Data Research Group 2003; InStat/MDR 7/2004 (Handsets)

  6. Barriers to Adoption OnWorld, 2005

  7. Dust Networks • Founded July 2002 • Focused on reliability, power consumption • Developed TSMP • Time Synchronized Mesh Protocol • >99.9% reliability • Lowest power per delivered packet

  8. Dust Products

  9. 50 motes, 7 hops 3 floors, 150,000sf >100,000 packets/day

  10. Bldg. 90

  11. Bldg. 90 Stats on network, motes, links Lifetime, daily, 15min

  12. Oil Refinery – Double Coker Unit • Scope limited to Coker facility and support units spanning over 1200ft • No repeaters were needed to ensure connectivity • Electrical/Mechanical contractor installed per wired practices • >5 year life on C-cell 400m

  13. Building Energy Reduction - Federspiel Controls • HVAC System Retrofits • Demonstrated Energy Savings: • 3.7 kWh/sf/yr • 0.34 therms/sf/yr • Higher savings than conventional retrofits

  14. Building Maintenance • Rapid retrofit of old buildings • Energy conservation from modernizing systems • Platform for additional in-building applications • Temperature & energy consumption monitoring • 2 hour install vs. 4 weeks for wired network •  97% reduction in installation cost

  15. Energy Management • Energy is the #1 cost of supermarkets after shelf stock • Service: monitor, analyze and reduce power consumption • Entire network installed in 3 hours (vs. 3-4 days) • Typical energy cost reduction: 10-25%

  16. Standardizing TSMP • Industrial Automation Standards • IEC 62591 (WirelessHART 2007) • ISA100.11A • WIA-PA (China) • MAC is standardized in 802.15.4E (TSCH) • Multiple network vendors: Dust, Nivis, STG, …

  17. Barriers to Adoption >99.9% Wireless HART “It just worked” 5-10 years Complete networks OnWorld, 2005

  18. Outline • History • Applications • Industrial Process Automation • Commercial Building Automation • Parking management • Smart Rail • Vibration monitoring • Smart Grid • Standards • Technology

  19. Emerson Process offerings, 2007

  20. Wireless HART Architecture (from ABB)

  21. Sampling of Wireless HART Products • Battery • Vibration • Battery • 4-20 mA loop • Solar • Battery • 4-20 mA loop • Thermal • Thousands of networks, 100+ countries, six continents • buildings, breweries, refineries, mines, city streets, chemical plants, deserts, trains, steel mills, data centers, pharmaceutical plants, offshore oil rigs…

  22. WirelessHARTTM Adapters Siemens SITRANS AW200 ABB Adapter Emerson THUM MACTek BULLET

  23. Wheeling-Pittsburgh Steel Need to monitor temp, coolant, lubrication Hot slag defeated wired solutions 5% improvement in productivity (reduced maintenance) 23

  24. Distribution of failure times • With no sensing, need to repair frequently • With sensing, repair near mean • “condition-based maintenance”

  25. Lime Kiln at Pulp & Paper Mill • Rotating lime kiln • Need to monitor temperature • 5% throughput improvement (reduced process time) 25

  26. Distribution of completion times • With no sensing, need to cook longer • With sensing, mean process time = mean required

  27. Wireless Sensors Grane Platform, North Sea • 22 pressure sensors • 90% reduction in installation cost 27

  28. Shell Oil, Norway Wireless mesh network 2 km 1 km • GE Energy’s System 1 motor condition monitoring • 200 temperature and vibration sensors • No line power due to hazardous location rules

  29. Chevron’s Richmond Refinery 1 km

  30. Richmond Refinery Wireless Umbrella • Next • Fence monitoring • H2S, VOC • Location 5 km2, 90% coverage 30

  31. Smart Building: Federspiel Controls • HVAC optimization to conserve energy • CA Tax Board savings: 459,000 kWh/yr, $55,000/yr (1 yr payback) • No wires, no interruption to data center operations 31

  32. Smart Cities: Streetline Networks Wireless sensor node 34

  33. Urban Planning

  34. Increasing Revenue

  35. Finding Parking

  36. Finding Parking

  37. Smart Rail • TSCH WSN enables remote monitoring of freight cars • Multiple sensors per car, every car is a network • Requires a strict ‘no-wires’ solution, robust enough for moving railcars

  38. Bearing Failure  High Cost

  39. Vibration Monitoring

  40. Smart Grid

  41. Outline • Applications • Standards • TSMP • Zigbee • 802.15.4E • IETF • Technology

  42. Zigbee • The big three • Zigbee Pro / SE1.0 • Zigbee RF4CE • Home entertainment control • Guarantees that cell phones will have 15.4 radios • Zigbee IP / SE2.0 • http, TLS, DHCP, … • Zigbee Green Power • All use powered routers • LPR getting little traction • Interoperability • AODV • Provisioning

  43. Protocol Integration Application  Presentation  Session  Transport  Network  Data-Link  Physical  HTTP, SSH, Telnet, FTP “other” CoAP, XML, IETF UDP ,TCP WSN RDP? RoLL RPL IPv6 IEEE802.3 IEEE802.11 6LoWPAN 802.15.4, 4e IEEE 802.15.4 Tomorrow’s Internet of Things Today’s Internet

  44. Evolving information flow in WSN Network stack Oski Application Sensor DB Business logic Custom APP APP Manager LBR IPv6, native DB fmt. Proprietary network & data fmt. Network stack Mote Serial API Sensor mP Application Sensor 46

  45. Outline • History • Applications • Standards • Technology • TSMP • Oski • SPOT

  46. TSMP Foundations • Time Synchronization • Reliability • Power • Scalability • Reliability • Frequency diversity • Multi-path fading, interference • Spatial diversity • True mesh (multiple paths at each hop) • Temporal diversity • Secure link-layer ACK • Power • Turning radios off is easy

  47. Power-optimal communication A B A wakes up and listens B transmits B receives ACK A transmits ACK Worst case A/B clock skew • Assume all motes share a network-wide synchronized sense of time, accurate to ~1ms • For an optimally efficient network, mote A will only be awake when mote B needs to talk Expected packet start time

  48. Packet transmission and acknowledgement Radio TX startup ACK RX Packet TX Radio TX/RX turnaround Mote Current (2011): 15 mC (2008): 50 mC Charge cost (2003): 300 mC

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