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Energy Scavenging and Underwater sensors for Wireless Sensor Networks

Energy Scavenging and Underwater sensors for Wireless Sensor Networks. Curtis Alia CMPE 491w. Energy Scavenging in Wireless Sensor Networks: Vibration Energy. Conversion Methods Piezoelectric - charge separation (voltage across capacitor)

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Energy Scavenging and Underwater sensors for Wireless Sensor Networks

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  1. Energy Scavenging and Underwater sensors for Wireless Sensor Networks Curtis Alia CMPE 491w

  2. Energy Scavenging in Wireless Sensor Networks: Vibration Energy • Conversion Methods • Piezoelectric - charge separation (voltage across capacitor) • Capacitive - capacitance changes, increasing charge/voltage • Inductive - coil passes through magnetic field, creating electrical current • Ideal for sensors located in proximity to machinery (industrial equipment, household appliances, vehicles, etc.) • Capable of power ranging from 100-600µW/cm3 from a 2.25m/s2 vibration source @ 120Hz • Has major advantages for lifetimes of over one year • Applications • Tire monitoring – check inflation/tread ware/camber • Machine status readings – temperature, massive vibration, etc. • Health monitors – heart rate, blood pressure, sugar levels • Environmental controls – pH, pollution • Emergency Response – fire detection, water sprinklers • Although it produces more power, it is harder to implement than electrostatic methods

  3. Underwater Acoustic Sensor Networks • Node placed underwater to retrieve data • Nodes may be anchored and tied to ocean floor or elevated to a fixed depth (depending on sensor’s functionality) • Data is transmitted wirelessly to station located above water (buoy) using an acoustic modem built into the sensor • Acoustic Propagation • Path loss – acoustic energy converts to heat, or ocean waves spread the sound energy • Noise – acoustic interference from tides, etc. and/or machinery • Multi-path – reflection of signal can cause severe distortion • Propagation Delay – reduces throughput of system • Code Division Multiple Access (CDMA) used to reduce number of retransmitted packets, thus reducing power consumption • Sensor nodes’ hardware is currently expensive (acoustic modem, water protection, etc.) • Can take readings of salinization, tides, tropical storm detection, etc. • Must be built in such a way to handle a wide range of temperatures and withstand the harsh environment in which it will be placed

  4. Harvesting References • http://www.media.mit.edu/resenv/pubs/papers/2005-02-E-HarvestingPervasivePprnt.pdf • http://engnet.anu.edu.au/DEpeople/Shad.Roundy/EnergyScavenging.ppt • http://www.columbia.edu/cu/mechanical/news/seminars/022803.html

  5. Underwater References • http://users.ece.gatech.edu/tommaso/papers/underwater.pdf • http://www.ece.gatech.edu/research/labs/bwn/UWASN/

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