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Explore how the United States and Soviet Union's differing ideologies led to the Cold War, examining key events like the Yalta Conference, Potsdam meeting, Truman Doctrine, and Marshall Plan.
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The United States and Nazi Germany had been united in only what way?
Capitalist Democracy: Citizens believed in free elections, economic and religious freedom, private property, and respect for individual differences.
Capitalism (economic principal) and democracy (political). • Private ownership • Supply and demand determine the direction of the market. • Entrepreneurship is encouraged. • Freedom for all • Freedom of production: what to produce and how much to produce without government intervention.
Dictatorship. Under Joseph Stalin the communist party made all key economic, political, and military decisions. Citizens could not worship as they pleased, own private property or express views freely. • Failure to do so could result in imprisonment or death.
Countries remaining under Soviet control at the end of WWII:
The Yalta Conference was led by the 'Big Three' heads of government consisting of Franklin D. Roosevelt, Winston Churchill and Joseph Stalin. • The war in Europe was nearly over and the purpose of the Yalta Conference was to discuss the unconditional surrender and occupation of Nazi Germany, the defeat of Japan and peace plans for the post war world. • Several agreements reached during the Yalta Conference were broken and led to tensions between the United States and Russia and the start of the Cold War.
Truman who know succeeded Roosevelt left Potsdam thinking that the Soviets were planning “world conquest” and their alliance with the Soviet Union was falling apart. • Meeting of the Soviet Union, the United Kingdom and the United States in Potsdam, Germany from July 17 to August 2, 1945. The Prime Minister of the United Kingdom (Winston Churchill), the President of the United States (Harry S. Truman) and the leader of the USSR (Josif Stalin), all met to talk about Germany on July 1945 and were going to discuss what should happen to it now that the Second World War was over.
The first conference was held at Yalta, but the allies did not agree on anything very important. However, a lot had happened since the Yalta Conference. • Firstly, the USA had a new president named Harry Truman. He was much tougher on Communism than the previous president, Roosevelt, had been. This was a problem for Stalin. • Churchill had been voted out and was replaced by Clement Attlee (British Prime minister). • Stalin saw himself as far more experienced than these new leaders. Stalin also caused trouble, as some of what the allies agreed on at Yalta was that Poland should have a neutral government. • Stalin had killed the neutral government leaders and replaced them with ones that would listen to him. This meant that there were a lot of problems at Potsdam.
On March 1946 Churchill gave this famous speech about the “Iron Curtain” • The iron curtain was a descriptive term or symbol used to describe the border between the communist and democratic countries of Europe. The idea of the iron curtain was that it kept information and people from crossing from the communist east to the democratic west.
What events caused President Truman to propose what became known as the Truman Doctrine?
Greek and Turkish government were trying to keep communists from taking over. • The Truman Doctrine was an effort to stop the spread of communism. It said that the United States would help countries that were threatened by "armed minorities or outside pressures".
Why did George Kennan think that containment would work against the Soviet expansion?
Kennan did not believe the Soviets would go as far as to put their own country in danger of war, so if the U.S. was patient in containing Soviet expansion it would win in the end. • **George Frost Kennan (February 16, 1904 – March 17, 2005) was an American diplomat and historian. He was known best as an advocate of a policy of containment of Soviet expansion during the Cold War on which he later reversed himself.
Recovery plan for Europe. • U.S. policy giving massive loans and grants to Western Europe. • Make European countries strong enough to start buying American goods.
NATO • Warsaw Pact
NATO military alliance of U.S. and countries of Western Europe. • Warsaw Pact: military alliance of Soviet Union and Satelitte States. • They were both examples of military alliance made for collective security (mutual military assistance)
Section 2: Korean War • Civil War divides China: who was Jiang Jieshi? Mao Zedong?
Jiang Jieshi, nationalist leader, had been fighting a civil war against communist led Mao Zedong. • U.S. backed Nationalists led by Jiang • Leaders feared Nationalist defeat would create communist superpower. • Who won?
Mao and communist party won all of mainland China and Chiang and the Nationalists fled to Taiwan.
Americans Fight in Korea • Hot or cold war??
One place on the globe where the cold war was “hot” and U.S. soldiers fought and died was Korea. • What even began conflict on Korean peninsula?
June 25, 1950 North Korean forces attacked across the 37th parallel • Did U.S forces aid South Korea?
Surprised the North Koreans at Inchon and the communist forces fled to North Korea • General George MacArthur led the UN forces on an attack at the Battle of Inchon. The Battle was a success and MacArthur was able to move in and route much of the North Korean army. He soon had retaken control of the city of Seoul as well as South Korea back up to the 38th parallel. • MacArthur continued to be aggressive and pushed the North Koreans all the way to the northern border. • However, the Chinese were not happy with this and sent their army to enter the war. • At this point President Truman replaced MacArthur
China Forces a Stalemate • MacArthur attacked north of the 38th parallel. • Allies advance the Chinese border at Yalu River. • 300,000 Chinese soldiers attacked South Korean and U.S position. • China now in war • MacArthur favored invasion of China • Truman policy of limited war • MacArthur was let go for insubordination after writing letter to House of disagreement.
What did Eisenhower promise he would do if he was elected in the 1952 election?
President Eisenhower promised if elected he would end the war. • Negotiations continued for much of the war, but President Truman did not want to appear weak. When Eisenhower became president, he was much more willing to offer concessions to end the war. • On July 27, 1953 a treaty was signed that ended the war.
Section 3 The Cold War Expands • What happened September 2 1949 in the Cold War that heightened tensions.
Instruments in an American B 29 aircrafr flying over Alaska detected atmospheric radiation. • Conclusion: Soviet Union had set off an atomic bomb which changed soviet relations. • Now the Americans no longer had a monopoly on atomic weaponry.
What did Truman order 3 months later in response to Soviets ?
Truman orders H-bomb • Einstein and Oppenheimer opposed development stating it would lead to an arms race. • Tests by both sides • Atomic testing in the American west, at sites such as the Nevada desert, led to increased atmospheric radiation and long range health problems for people living in downwind of test sites.
Oppenheimer and Einstein opposed Hbomb claiming it would only lead to a perpetual arms race. • (claimed the U.S. and Soviet Union would continue developing powerful weapons)
Eisenhower accepted much of Truman’s foreign policy. • Believed strongly in a policy to actively contain communism. • Secretary of State John Dulles, and experienced diplomat who had helped organize the United Nations after WWII. • Eisenhower believed that Truman's approach to foreign policy had dragged the United States into an endless series of conflicts begun by the Soviet Union
Focused on stockpiling nuclear weapons and building planes, missles, and submarines needed to deliver them. • Criticism: • Conservative: downgrading conventional forces would weaken American defense • Liberals feared that preparing for nuclear war made such a war more likely. • Mass Retaliation: U.S. would respond to communist threats to its allies by threatening to use crushing. Overwhelming force, perhaps even nuclear weapons. • Dulles believed that only by going to the brink of war could the United States protect its allies, discourage communist aggression and prevent war. Brinkmanship (promoting peace by not backing down on brink of war)
Who emerged as new head of Soviet Union after Stalins death?
Nikita Khrushchev- emerged as the new head of Soviet Union. • Communist • Determined opponent of the U.S.
Egypts president Gamal Nasser tried to use the U.S. Soviet rivalry to his advantage. • The Suez Crisis was an event in the Middle East in 1956. It began with Egypt taking control of the Suez Canal which was followed by a military attack from Israel, France, and Great Britain. • The canal had been owned by the Suez Canal Company, which was controlled by French and British interests • Egyptian president, Gamal Abdel Nasser, nationalized the Suez Canal. • The Suez Canal crisis threatened flow of Middle Eastern oil to Europe.
