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Explore the historical trends in assessment and evaluation methods, including the development of standardized tests and ethical practices. Learn about the different domains of testing and the importance of reliability, validity, and cultural sensitivity. Understand the rights of test takers and the proper use of assessments.
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RSCH 6109: Assessment & Evaluation Methods • More Overview • Ethical Considerations • Historical Trends in Assessment Related Reading: Clarke, M., et.al. (2000). Retrospective on Educational Testing & Assessment in the 20th Century. • Historical Figures in Assessment
Overview of Testing Concepts • What do tests measure? • Affective Domains • Cognitive Domains • Behavioral Domains • Attitudinal Domains
Overview of Testing Concepts • Affective Domains • personality • temperament • motivational factors • emotional states • MMPI, BDI
Overview of Testing Concepts • Cognitive Domains • achievement • aptitude • intelligence • specific cognitive abilities • SAT, WJ, WRAT
Overview of Testing Concepts • Behavioral Domains • observable actions • social behaviors • work behavior • specific skills • SSRS, CBCL
Overview of Testing Concepts • Attitudinal Domains • type of cognitive measurement • self report of perceptions / opinions / attitudes / values • similar to what many surveys do, but more developed • Career measures, job satisfaction measures
Overview of Testing Concepts • What makes a test “standardized”? • Rigorous development process • Standards for administration • Objective scoring procedures • Norms for interpretation • Guidelines for proper use
Overview of Testing Concepts • Counselors can access the technical properties of standardized tests. • What are “acceptable measurement properties”? • Reliability • Validity • Cultural sensitivity
Ethical Testing Practices There is urgent need for a fact-finding organization which will undertake impartial, experimental, and statistical evaluations of tests – validity, reliability, legitimate uses, accuracy of norms, and the like. This might lead to the listing of satisfactory tests in the various subject matter divisions in much the same way that Consumer’s research, Inc. is attempting to furnish reliable information to the average buyer. -Ruch 1925 • 1920s Giles Ruch wrote the Minimum Essentials for Reporting Data on Standard Tests • 1930s Oscar Buros directed the Buros Institute for Mental Measurements • APA published Technical Recommendations for Psychological Test and Diagnostic Techniques • Technical Recommendations for Achievement Tests published by the National Education Association • Standards for Educational and Psychological Tests and Manuals was a joint publication by the AERA, NCME, and APA. Standards revised in 1974, 1985, and 1999.
Ethical Testing Practices • Confidentiality • Do no harm • Proper Use
Ethical Testing Practices • Do no harm • Respect the client • Build rapport • Understand the client’s goals / needs • Explain the results appropriately • Rights of test takers (pp. 32-33)
Ethical Testing Practices • Rights of test takers (pp. 32-33) • Inform the test taker: • purpose of testing • who has access to scores • how scores will be used • consequences of not taking tests
Ethical Testing Practices • Proper Use • selection of appropriate tests • follow standards for administration, scoring, and interpretation • proper cautions in decision making • follow the ethical guidelines • user qualification issues
Ethical Testing Practices • User qualification standards • handout
Historical Trends in Testing • First known standardized test: 2200 B.C. Chinese Civil Service Examination System 3 year, oral, certification examination in Music, Archery, Horsemanship, Writing, Math, Public & Private Rights & Ceremonies • No formal study or scientific investigation of individual differences took place until the 19th century when experimental psychologists (Wundt, Ebbinghaus, and others) demonstrated that psychological phenomenon could be described in quantitative and rational terms. • Not until the 20th century did the field of testing become more scientific and rigorous.
Historical Trends in Testing • First Test of Personality: Robert Woodworth’s Personal Data Sheet Woodworth Psychoneurotic Inventory • During WWI, government committee on Emotional Fitness developed a quick, group administered, measure of adjustment and emotional stability • Yes/No questions regarding existence of various psychopathologies • “Are you troubled with the idea that people are watching you on the street?”
Historical Trends in Testing • First Intelligence Test Published: 1905 Binet- Simon Intelligence Scale • Commissioned by the Minister of Public Instruction in Paris to develop a procedure for identifying children who were seemingly unable to benefit sufficiently from instruction in regular classrooms. • 30-item, individually administered, written test of ability to judge, understand, and reason. • 1908: Revision included subtests grouped by age levels. First introduction of the concept of “mental age.” • 1911: Final revision extended the test to the adult level. • handout
Historical Figures in Testing • Charles Spearman (Test Theory) • Frederick Kelly (Achievement Testing) • Edward Thorndike (Achievement Testing) • Lewis Terman (Intelligence Testing) • James McKeen Cattell (Intelligence Testing) • E.F. Lindquist (Achievement Testing) • Hermann Rorschach (Personality Testing) • E.K. Strong, Jr. (Interest Measurement) • Arthur Otis (Intelligence Testing) • O.K. Buros (Mental Measurement) • Benjamin Bloom (Achievement Testing) • David Wechsler (Intelligence) • Starke Hathaway (Personality Testing) • Howard Gardner (Intelligence Testing) • Robert Sternberg (Intelligence Testing)
