Statistical Table and Charts: Descriptive Tools for Reports and Papers

1. Chapter- 4 statistical table and charts

2. Statistical table and statistical charts Statistical table and statistical charts are major descriptive tools, such as the frequency distribution table and frequency distribution graph in chapter two, which are more intuitionistic and also useful to present summary information. So it is widely used when we present the reports or papers.

3. Tables in reports Although tables are simple to understand and to produce, careful thought regarding layout is essential to draw attention to the most useful and interesting features of the data. For ease of reference, recommendations are given here in note form.

4. Structure of tables • sequence number of table • Title • headings • Line • Numbers • Footnote

5. sequence number of table Title Table 3.1 the distribution of undergraduate majors Column heading Row heading numbers lines

6. NOTICE sequence number of table • It appear in sequence in a report or papers. For example, table 1, table 2……

7. NOTICE Title • To summarize the contents that table include. For example, from the title “the distribution of undergraduate majors”, we can know the table want to describe the undergraduate majors

8. NOTICE heading • It includes row heading and column heading. The row heading or label is used to describe the meaning of raw number, and the column heading is used to describe the meaning of column number

9. NOTICE Line • Vertical or italic lines should be avoided because these cluttter the presentation.

10. NOTICE Numbers • The decimal digits should be identical in the same column. • The data in one column should arrange trim in the decimal point. • When the measurement is 0, we should not omit it but record it.

11. recommendations • Each table should be self-explanatory . That is to say, the reader should be able to understand it without reference to the text in the body of the report. This can be achieved by using complete, meaningful labels for the rows and columns and giving a complete, meaningful title. Footnotes should be used to enhance the explanation when necessary.

12. recommendations • Each table should have an attractive appearance. Sensible use of white space helps enormously. Different typefaces or fronts may be used to provide discrimination, for example, use of bold type or italics.

13. recommendations • The rows and columns of each table should be arranged in a natural order. This is a great help in interpretation.

14. Table 3.2 occupational social class in the SHHS

15. Table 3.3 Study participant characteristics by diabetic status

16. Typical Case Table 3.4 Average increase of concentration of Hb in two groups ( )

17. Cases resolution Table 3.4 Average increase of concentration of Hb in two groups ( )

18. charts in reports Scatter graph Line chart histogram Pie chart Bar chart map Statistical charts

20. bar chart • [Usage] the independent data or categorical data In the bar chart, the bars are drawn of equal width, but the heights are proportional to the percentages. Other possible scales for the vertical axis are the frequencies or relative frequencies, both of which leave the shape of the bar chart unaltered.

21. [example 1] The following table is the average heights of adult male in 3 countries. Please choose the applicable graph to describe them. Table 3.5 the average heights of adult male in 3 countries

22. Fig 1 the average heights of adult male in 3 countries

23. attention • When drawing the bar chart, the vertical scale must begin from 0. • Leave some space between two bar.

25. [example 2] The following table is the average heights of adult male and female in 3 countries. Please choose the applicable graph to describe them. Table 3.6 the average heights of adult male and female in 3 countries

27. Pie chart • [usage] constitutional data In a pie chart, the area of the slices are drawn in proportional to the frequencies by simply dividing the entire 3600 of the circle into separate angles of the correct relative size.

28. Pie chart Table 3.7 The antibody level of HBeAb of 182 people after injecting the vaccine

29. Pie chart Attention While drawing a pie chart, one circle has 3600, so 1% should include 3.60 . Usually we bigin to draw the circle from the position of 12 o’clock. We can use the protractor to measure the angle.

30. Pie chart Fig 3 The antibody level proportionof HBeAb of 182 people

31. Histogram • [usage] the continuous data such as height, weight, RBC. In the histogram, the rectangle are drawn of equal width because the interval width is same, but areas are proportional to the percentages or frequence.

32. Table 3.8 Serum total cholesterol (mmol/L) of 50 subjects from the Scottish Heart Health Study

33. Fig4 frequency distribution graph for serum total cholesterol

34. frequence Height(cm) Fig5 frequency distribution graph for heights of 100 students with 8 year old Histogram

35. attention • When drawing the histogram, the vertical scale must begin from 0. • Leave no space between two rectangles.

36. line • [usage] the continuous data • It is used to describe the deveploment trend that one thing changes with the other thing (usually time). • For example, the incidence rate of HIV/AIDS in the past years.

37. line attention • Whether the scale of vertical axis may begin from zero or not, it is right. • The near two point should be linked with breaking line. That is to say, we can not choose smooth line while drawing the line.

38. line

39. line

40. Scatter graph • [usage] the biovariate data • If we want to learn the trend before describing the relationship between two variables, we can choose scatter graph. • For example, the relationship between height and weight.

41. If we want to learn the relationship between the concentration of thrombin (y) and thrombin time (x), we can choose scatter graph Scatter graph

42. Scatter graph Fig 7 the scatter graph between the concentration of thrombin and thrombin time

43. Scatter graph

44. map FIG 1 the incidence rate of AIDS in China in 2010

45. Thank you