Modules 44 - 46 Personality

1. Modules 44 - 46 Personality

3. What is the Purpose of Having Theories? • Part or all of a theory might be correct • Provides a framework for study and research

4. Personality Introduction

5. What is Personality? • Personality • an individual’s characteristic pattern of thinking, feeling, and acting • a person’s broad, long-lasting patterns of behavior

7. Major Personality Theories • Psychoanalytic Theory • Neo-Freudian—Social Psychoanalytic Theory • Behaviorism • Humanistic Theories • Trait Theories

8. The Psychoanalytic Perspective • Freud’s theory proposes that childhood sexuality and unconscious impulses and needs influence personality

9. The Psychoanalytic Perspective • Unconscious • according to Freud, a reservoir of mostly unacceptable thoughts, wishes, feelings and memories • contemporary viewpoint- information processing of which we are unaware

10. The Psychoanalytic Perspective • Psychoanalysis; theory & therapy • Freud’s theory that personality is based on our thoughts and actions to unconscious impulses and needs • technique used in treating psychological disorders by exposing the unconscious.

11. The Psychoanalytic Perspective • Free Association • in psychoanalysis, a method of exploring the unconscious • person relaxes and says whatever comes to mind, no matter how trivial or embarrassing

12. Free Association

13. Freud Video

14. The Psychoanalytic Perspective • Libido • Freud’s theory emphasizes interaction between conscious and unconscious • Freudian term for internal energy forces that continuously seek discharge • Sexual drive and biological urges

15. Personality Structure • Id • contains a reservoir of unconscious psychic energy (libido) • strives to satisfy basic sexual and aggressive drives • operates on the pleasure principle, demanding immediate gratification

16. Personality Structure • Superego • the part of personality that presents internalized ideals—right & wrong • provides standards for judgment (the conscience) and for future aspirations

17. Personality Structure • Ego • the largely conscious, “executive” part of personality • mediates among the demands of the id, superego, and reality • operates on the reality principle, satisfying the id’s desires in ways that will realistically bring pleasure rather than pain

18. Rational, planful, mediating dimension of personality Information in your immediate awareness Conscious Ego Superego Preconscious Information which can easily be made conscious Moralistic, judgmental, perfectionist dimension of personality Unconscious Id Thoughts, feelings, urges, and other information that is difficult to bring to conscious awareness Irrational, illogical, impulsive dimension of personality Psychoanalytic Approach

19. Ego: The Great Balancer of Personality

20. Personality Conflicts • Neurotic Anxiety • Id/ego conflict • Frustration • Moral Anxiety • Id/SuperEgo conflict • guilt and shame • Objective Anxiety • Realistic/External Threat • Fire or mugger

21. Personality Development • Psychosexual Stages • 5 childhood stages of personality development go from birth to adolescence • Freud believed personality formed by age 5 or 6

22. Psychosexual Stages • Oral Stage (Birth-1 ½) • Feeding is main source of pleasure—centers on mouth; sucking, biting, chewing • Weaning is task to accomplish • Weaned too early or too late—personality problems develop • Smoking • Overeating or self-starvation • Depending too much on other people • Rejecting of others and sarcastic

23. Psychosexual Stages • Anal Stage (1 ½ - 2 ½ ) • Pleasure focuses on bowel and bladder elimination; coping with demands for control • Task is toilet training • Toilet training too lenient or too harsh-personality problems develop • Excessively stingy or overly generous • Stick rigidly to rules or irresponsible and rebellious • Messiness or excessive cleanliness

24. Psychosexual Stages • Phallic Stage (2 ½ - 5 or 6) • Oedipus Complex; romantic interest in the opposite-sex parent and hostility toward the same-sex parent (Electra Complex for girls) • To cope with these romantic, jealous, aggressive, and guilty feelings, child must “identify” with same-sex parent by taking on characteristics and values • Failure to “identify” can lead to: • Anxiety • Extreme guilt • Phobias and depression

26. Overcoming the Oedipus Complex • Fear of Castration • Identify with father • Vicariously love mother through father • Freud believed that women never fully overcame the Electra Complex • Women suffer from penis envy • Phallic Fixation • Reckless, resolute, self-assure and narcissistic, (excessive vanity and pride)

27. Star Wars • Oedipus Complex • Luke wants to kill his father • Luke fears castration • Loses arm and light saber (phallic symbol) • Identifies with father • Princess Leia has an Electra complex with penis envy

28. Personality Development • Identification • process when children take on their parents’ values—particularly relating to same-sex parent • Store values in their developing superegos • Fixation • When conflicts are unresolved at a psychosexual stage, pleasure-seeking energy (libido) get’s “stuck” in that stage

29. Psychosexual Stages • Latency Stage (5 – Preadolescence) • Child’s earlier conflicts are hidden or latent • Developing ego & superego cause this period of calm • No new conflicts arrive during this stage

30. Latency Stage (5 - preadolescence) • Sexuality is repressed • Children participate in hobbies, school and same-sex friendships • Girls/Boys have cooties • Some believe that since there is no sexual expression in this stage then it is not really a psychosexual stage

31. Psychosexual Stages • Genital Stage (Adolescence and up) • Seek an appropriate marriage partner and prepare for adult life (maturation of sexual interests) • If previous stages successful, now well-balanced, warm, & caring • No new conflicts but earlier conflicts reappear

32. Personality Development • Psychosexual Stages • Adults’ psychological problems have roots in unresolved conflicts in first 3 stages • When conflict is not resolved, libido (internal) energy becomes fixated (stuck) at that stage. • These energy fixations will cause later psychological problems

33. Freud’s Psychosexual Stages Stage Focus Oral Pleasure centers on the mouth-- (0-18 months) sucking, biting, chewing Anal Pleasure focuses on bowel and bladder (18-36 months) elimination; coping with demands for control Phallic Pleasure zone is the genitals; coping with (3-6 years) incestuous sexual feelings Latency Dormant sexual feelings (6 to puberty) Genital Maturation of sexual interests (puberty on) Personality Development

34. Defense Mechanisms • Unconscious mental processes employed by the ego to reduce anxiety

35. Defense Mechanisms • Repression - keeping anxiety-producing thoughts out of the conscious mind • Reaction formation - replacing an unacceptable wish with its opposite

36. Defense Mechanisms • Displacement - when a drive directed to one activity by the id is redirected to a more acceptable activity by the ego • Sublimation - displacement to activities that are valued by society

37. Defense Mechanisms • Projection - reducing anxiety by attributing unacceptable impulses to someone else • Rationalization - reasoning away anxiety-producing thoughts • Regression - retreating to a mode of behavior characteristic of an earlier stage of development

38. Class ExerciseDefense Mechanisms

39. Freudian Slip: verbal or memory mistake believed to be linked to the unconscious mind

40. Freudian Slip

41. Criticisms of Freud • He really only studied wealthy woman in Austria. • His results are not empirically verifiable (really hard to test). • No predictive power. • Karen Horney said he was sexist with the “penis envy” and there is an actual “womb envy”.

42. Neo-Freudians • Neo-Freudians or New Freudians • Accepted Freud’s basic ideas: • Id, ego, & superego • Importance of unconscious • Shaping personality in childhood

43. Neo-Freudians • Neo-Freudians or New Freudians • Moved away from Freud’s ideas: • Placed more importance on conscious mind’s role in interpreting experience • Doubted that sex & aggression were all-consuming motivations • Looked for other motives & social interactions

44. Karen Horney • First feminist voice in psychoanalitical theory • Stronger relationship with mother • Basic anxiety • Anything that disturbs the security of the child in relation to its parents produce anxiety • Mother creates neurotic tendency in children • They find ways of coping with their insecurities feelings of isolation and helplessness • Womb Envy • Mothers have a stronger connection with their children and fathers are envious

45. Neo-Freudians • Karen Horney • Strongly disagreed with Freud’s focus on biological drives • Felt coping with stress of social needs was more important than dealing with impulses from id

46. Neo-Freudians Karen Horney • Personality is most influenced by social concerns • Childhood anxiety, caused by sense of helplessness  desire for love and security • Person without love is often anxious and afraid

47. Neo-Freudians • Alfred Adler • Also agreed Freud put too much emphasis on biological needs • Biggest problem people face is trying to feel important and worthwhile • Insecure people struggle to make themselves look better • Spend lives trying to dominate and control • Example: School bullies

48. Neo-Freudians • Inferiority Complex • feeling like they're less than other people • not as good as others • worthless

50. Neo-Freudian • Carl Jung • Division of Personality • Conscious Ego • Perceptions, thoughts and feelings • Personal Unconscious • Threatening thoughts similar to Freud’s unconscious