2017 Road to Independence for India

1. 2017 Road to Independence for India

2. Positives of British Rule Negatives of British Rule • New roads and railroads link India • Telegraph and postal systems unite people in India • Irrigation systems improve farming • New laws mean justice for all people • Exposure to Western education • Customs that threatened human rights ended • Indian resources are removed from India and sent to Britain • Indians forced to buy British made goods instead of local made products • Farms grow cash crops rather than food crops • Indians are treated as inferior • British try to replace Indian culture with Western culture

3. Development of Indian Nationalism and Independence

4. Causes of Indian Nationalism: • Discontent with British rule • India unified • Leadership • Common language • New print culture • Nationalist organizations

5. Indian National Congress

6. The Indian National Congress • 1885  The Indian National Congress was founded in Bombay. • Swaraj  “independence from Great Britain.” (TEST QUESTION)* the goal of the movement.

7. Indian National Congress • Had problems due to religious differences between Muslims and Hindus members • INC sought independence for all Indians regardless of class or religions (TEST QUESTION) • But its leaders were Hindus and not Muslims • INC reflected more Hindu concerns

8. Examples for Indian National Congress: Gandhi and Jawaharlal Nehru

9. Mohandas Gandhi • Studied law in England, practiced in South Africa • Joined the INC before WWI • Became leader of the INC because he was better able to relate to the problems of the common people • Believed in the idea of non-violent resistance (Satyagraha)

10. Nehru • Joined the INC in 1930s • New kind of Indian politician---upper class and intellectual • Differed from Gandhi who was more religious and traditional, while Nehru was secular, Western, and modern

11. Pair Activity • Next to the Indian National Congress Slides, create a slogan that captures the main goals of the organization. BE SURE TO EXPLAIN YOUR SLOGAN! • A slogan can do any of the following: • Rhyme • Use alliteration • Be a pun • Play off a commonly known phrase • Be based off a famous primary source quote

12. Muslim League

13. The Muslim League • 1905  partition of Bengal based on religions and languages. • 1906  creation of the Muslim League.

14. Muslim League • Strongest support came from Muslims who were frightened of Hindu domination • Many Muslims were also members of the Indian National Congress too • Muslim League focused on protesting Muslim rights and promoting understanding between the different religious groups • There was no notion of creating a separate state for Muslims until the 1920s when the religious differences became too extreme

15. Example: Mohammed Ali Jinnah and Muslim League

16. Muhammad Ali Jinnah(TEST QUESTION) A. Middle Class lawyer educated in Britain B. First supported Hindu-Muslim Unity – called “Ambassador of Hindu-Muslim Unity”

17. Muhammad Ali Jinnah C. Disagreement with Gandhi led to Muslim- Congress split D. Jinnah began to fear Hindu domination of Congress – A “Hindu Raj” E. Began to support the idea for an independent Muslim homeland, Pakistan or “land of the pure”.

18. Muhammed Ali Jinnah • Put forward his 14 Points in 1929 to try to make a compromise with the INC • Some of the points were: • Muslim representation should not be less than 1/3 in the legislative branch • Representation of minorities should have separate electorates • The Constitution should provide safeguards • Protect the Muslim culture • But the INC rejected these points and pushed for his exile

19. Pair-Share Activity • What are the similarities between the INC and the Muslim League? • What are the differences? • How might those differences become problems for independent India?

20. Indian Nationalism Grows • Indian National Congress (Hindus)/Muslim League (Muslims) Found Common Ground • Both worked together towards Indian Independence

21. Growth of Indian Nationalism Hindu Indian National Congress (1885) Became leaders of Indian Independence Desire for Self Rule Muslim League (1906) Muslim

22. Role of Gandhi

23. YouTube Clip • https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ept8hwPQQNg • Mini Biography on Gandhi • A and E • Running time of 3:34 minutes

25. According to Gandhi, what are his three goals to win independence from Great Britain? Message to the Masses 1. Hindu-Muslim Unity 2. Must end “untouchability” 3. Must defy the British – Not through violence

26. Influences on Gandhi

27. Gandhi’s Influences • Hindu religion and Jainism “ahimsa” • Christ’s teaching to love one’s enemy • Henry David Thoreau’s philosophy of civil disobedience

28. Satyagraha

29. Mahatma Gandhi • SATYAGRAHA or “truth force”---the application of righteous and moral force in politics • Civil Disobedience • It required non-violence based on Hindu principles and the belief in the ultimate goodness of the soul • Requires a core group of self-sacrificing and disciplined activists • To be successful, it must have widespread publicity that generates national concern and international pressure for change

30. Gandhi’s Tactics of Nonviolence • Purpose of boycotts and strikes was to hurt Great Britain’s economy and to demonstrate India’s potential for economic independence (TEST QUESTION) • Noncooperation • Gandhi urges civil disobedience noncooperation with British rule • In 1920, the Congress Party backs the idea • Boycotts • Gandhi urges boycott of British goods, schools, taxes, elections • Refusal to buy British cloth cuts into important textile industry

31. Gandhi’s Tactics of Nonviolence • Strikes and Demonstrations • Civil disobedience takes an economic toll on the British • Thousands of striking Indians arrested; jails severely overcrowded

32. 1920-1922 First Satyagraha in India

33. Gandhi’s First Satyagraha • 1919, Amritsar Massacre • 1920, Gandhi’s first satyagraha. Designed to make the British rule in India non-functional through a complete non-violent boycott • Many were jailed by the British • Cancelled due to violence

34. First Satyagraha • 1922 Indian rioters attacked a police station and set officers on fire! • Many British businesses went out of business in India • British arrested Indians who protested and boycotted

35. Boycotts

36. Homespun Movement • One of India’s most famous boycotts was Gandhi’s “homespun” movement. • British plantations used Indian people and land to grow cotton but then made clothes in England • They brought the clothes back to sell to Indians at inflated prices • It was illegal for Indian companies to manufacture and sell clothing that was not made from British cloth! • Gandhi called for a boycott of all British made cloth!

37. How The Homespun Movement Boycott Was Carried Out

38. Gandhi started a boycott of machine made European clothing, as it caused large scale unemployment in India. He started making hand-made cloth called Khadi that was inexpensive and suitable for poor Indians. Most importantly, it showed Indians how to be self-reliant.  Gandhi worked on his spinning wheel till his last days.

39. The British would have cotton grown in India, then have it picked by Indians, put on ships, shipped to England, where it would be spun into thread, woven into cloth, shipped back to India and sold to the Indian people for a higher price. In fact, Britain had laws that forced the Indians to buy only this cloth. Gandhi thought “Why should we have to buy back our own cotton cloth? Let’s spin it ourselves!” So he learned how to spin and weave cotton into cloth. He and his followers taught this old fashioned way of spinning and weaving to thousands of others.

40. Soon the British weren’t making money off the Indians buying their cloth anymore. The English said they had to buy the English cloth. But Gandhi and his followers refused. Gandhi and hundreds of others were thrown in jail. He would be let out of jail but he would keep spinning and weaving and keep breaking the law and get thrown in jail again and again.

41. This made big news all over the world. People around the world soon began to think that this wasn’t fair either. Even the workers in the cloth factories back in England thought this was not fair. These were the people whose jobs were being lost because of Gandhi and his supporters making their own cloth. Finally the laws about the cloth were changed and Indians were permitted by the British to make their own cloth.

42. Salt March

43. Salt March 1930 • The Raj imposed strict controls on salt production and a stiff tax on its sale • Indians were arrested for making or selling salt • This tax on a basic necessity of life was really hard on the poor. • To Gandhi, the salt tax was a symbol of the tyranny of the British rule---like the tea tax on the American colonists • To oppose the British salt tax that was strangling the Indian economy, he organized the Salt March

44. Salt March • Began on March 12, 1930 • Tens of thousands of people cheered as Gandhi walked 390 km from his ashram to Dandi Beach • After morning prayers, Gandhi collected salt on the seashore and proclaimed: “With this, I am shaking the foundations of the British Empire.” • Hearing this, people all across India freely collected and sold salt • Ten of thousands of Indians were brutally arrested by the British police, including 18,000 Indian women • The march was closely covered by the international press making Gandhi famous in Europe and America

45. Salt March 1930 British police attacked protestors with steel clubs Protestors refused to defend themselves: marching peacefully British arrested 60,000 peaceful protestors (including Gandhi) International newspapers covered the event: won worldwide support for Gandhi’s movement

46. Impact of the Salt March • Professor Richard Johnson wrote, “It is widely believed that the Salt Campaign turned the tide in India. All the violence was committed by the British and their Indian soldiers. The legitimacy of the Raj was never reestablished for the majority of Indians and an ever increasing number of British subjects.” • The independence struggle had become a mass movement

47. YouTube Clip on Salt March: Must Go To YouTube To View • https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=WbxN1Hj_nGY • 1930: The March: Gandhi • DOCUMENTARY CHANNEL • Published on Jan 21, 2016 • The 20th Century AlmanacA series of documentaries that highlights the most important and interesting events of the 20th Century. Shocking events, big scandals, the most famous murders, the most important personalities of international politics. A large dose of knowledge about politics, culture and history.Episode: 1930: The March: Gandhi • Running time of 8:46 minutes

48. Pair-Share Activity: • What did Gandhi mean when he said this as he picked up the salt on the beach? “With this, I am shaking the foundations of the British Empire.” • Do the results of the Salt March support this statement? Yes or no, and explain.

49. Independence

50. In 1935, British granted India limited self-rule but not total independence But, self-rule created tensions between the Hindu majority & the Muslim minority who feared giving power to Hindus Title