Psychology of globalization

1. Psychology ofglobalization Jiří Čeněk 26.4.19

2. Psychology ofglobalization Outline: • Culturaltransmission • Acculturation and identity • Minorities and newmulticulturalgroups • Uncontactedpeoples • Psychological response to globalization

3. Culturaltransmission

4. Transmissionofculture Transmissionofcultureduringontogeneticdevelopment • Biological (genetic) adaptation • Culturaladaptation

5. Transmissionofculture Culturaltransmission: • Vertical (parents – offsprings) • Horizontal (amongpeers) • Oblique (otheradults, institutions) 2 Processes: • Enculturation – by living in a culture, automatic • Socialization – more specificinstructions and training, teaching • Language, religion, knowledge, habits, norms, etc.

6. Transmissionofculture Dimensionsofchildtraining (socialization): Trainingpresent in allcultures: • Obedience training (obeyingadults) • Responsibilitytraining (e.g. Householdtasks) • Nurturancetraining (e.g. Helpingyoungersiblings) • Achievementtraining (good performance) • Self-reliance (cantake care of his/her needs) • General independencetraining (freedomfromcontrol) • 2 oppositeClusters: • Pressuretowardcompliance(1-3) • Pressuretowardindependence(4-6)

7. Transmissionofculture Sex differences in thesocialization:

8. Transmissionamongcultures

9. Topic: „Immigrationcrisis“ Peoplecoming to Europe: Isitgoodorbad? Whatisgood/bad?

10. Acculturation • Definition: „Changes in a culturalgroup /individual as a resultofcontactwithotherculturalgroup.“ • Globalization: • Cultures are dynamic • Shiftingthroughmutualcontact • Althoughthereispractically no uniform (1 culture, 1 religion, 1 language, 1 identity) contemporary society, somepeoplecontinue to think and believethatsocieties are culturallyuniform (orshouldbe)

11. 2 views on pluralsocieties 1: Mainstream-minority: • Thereis a mainstream society + minorities • Minoritiesshouldbeabsorbed by majority • Goalstate: „Onepeople, oneculture, onenation“

12. 2 views on pluralsocieties Multiculturalview: • Ethnoculturalgroupsretaining a senseof identity • Sharelegal, economic, politicalagreements • Institutionsaccomodatedifferentculturalinterests

13. Didmulticulturalismfail? • https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=UKG76HF24_k

14. Acculturation Populationlevel • Changesofinstitutions, • Economic base • Politicalorganization Individuallevel • Changes in attitudes, • Values, • Identity

15. Acculturation

16. Acculturation • Onecultureisusually dominant (the 2 culturesdontchange to thesameextent)

17. Acculturation Acculturationstrategies: do theyseekcontact, do theywannachange?

18. Acculturation Assumptionsofthe model: • Non-dominant group and itsmemberscanchoosethestrategy • Sometimesthe dominant groupenforcescertainkindsof relations • = Integrationcanoccuronlyifthedominantgroupisopen to cultural diversity and non-dominantgroupsadoptthe basic institutions, norms and valuesofthe dominant group • Mutualagreement, positive attitudes and lowlevelsof prejudice are needed

19. Acculturation and identity

20. Who are you?

21. Differencesin self-concept (identity) Differences in socialidentity: • Independency vs. Interdependency Asians: • Self-reference: • Social identity: „I am a university ofBeijing student.“ • Relationships: „I am a son ofCtulhutribe.“ • Valuesocialharmony • Communicationbetweenchild and mother Americans: • Self-reference: • Abstract personality traits: „I amclever.“

22. Differences in self-concept(identity) Possibleexplanations: • Social relations • Identity • Philosophy • Religion • Etc.

23. Acculturation and identity Identity strategies: • Georgas & Papastylianou (1998): GreeksremigratingfromAlbania, Russia, USA, Canada, Australia • Evaluationoftherelationshipofpersonal identity (whoam I?) and acculturationstrategy • Greek identity: assimilating • Mixed identity: integrating • Indigenous (e. g. Australian): separating

24. Acculturation and identity Identity strategies: • Camilleri & Malewska-Peyre (1997): • Value identity vs. Real identity • VI: theirideal self • RI: actualbehavior in socialsituations • Discrepancybetween VI and RI: tension, stress • Thisdiscrepancylargeamongimmigrantadolescents (valuesoftheirparents vs. Valuesoftheirpeers)

25. Acculturation and identity Identity strategies: • „simple tolerance“: clinging to culturalheritage, rejectingvaluesof dominant culture (akaseparation) • „pragmatism“: chameleon identity • „maximizationofadvantages“: takingthebestfromboth • Exclusiveidentificationwiththe dominant society

26. New multiculturalgroups

27. New multiculturalgroups 1) New empoverishedmulticulturalunderclass: • Migrant labor • Economicpoverty, discrimination, workplaceexploitation • Refugees and asylumseekers • PTSD, variouslevelsofhelpfromthe host countries • Lowerlifeexpectancy, higherratesofinjury, no healthinsurance, more prone to homelessness, violence, substance abuse…

28. New multiculturalgroups 2) Transnationalelite (expatriates/expats): • Students • Professionals • = reside in a different country orculturefor a limited amountoftime (durationofcontract/courseof study) • Haveinstitutional support (university/company) • Donthave to changetheir identity and behaviors→need to acquiresocioculturalskills

29. Expatriates

30. Expatriates • Adjustmentprocess: • http://www.chalre.com/hiring_managers/expatriate_culture_shock.htm

31. Stagesofadjustmentprocess • Honeymoon (4-6 weeks) • Excitationabourbeing in new country • Fascinationwithsights and sounds • Rise in status and standardsofliving (business expats in Asia) • Cultureshock(6-8 months) • Realisationoftheculturalbarriers • Ineffectivity in socialinteraction • Emotionaldistress • Traumatizationoffamilies • Frustration, anger, confusion, distrust

32. Stagesofadjustmentprocess • Gradualadjustment(1-2 years) • Trial and error • Contactswithlocals, otherexpats • → Adaptation to localculture • → Apprecciationoflocalcuisine, language, business practices… • Basic competence(2-4 years) • Functionalproficiency • Mastery (5-7 years) • Deepknowledgeoftheculture

33. Readjustment • Similarprocesshappensaftercomingback: • Thrillofbeingback (family, friends, knownplaces, etc.) → disappointment (lost positive aspectsoflifeabroad) → readjustment

34. Culturaladaptationmodels • More models, sameprinciple

35. Expatriates: Intercultural personality • Whatpersonalcharacteristics influence (accelerate) adaptationprocess? • Whattypesofpeople are suitableforbecomingexpats? • How to predictindividual performance in otherculture? • → identificationof „overseas type“

36. Expatriates: Intercultural personality • Personality traits: • Extraversion • Emotional stability • Ability to cooperate • Self-discipline • Cultural-fit hypothesis: • „Fit“ betweenpersonalcharacteristics and normsofthe host culturehelpsadaptation • Example: US expats in Singapore are more extraverted→ feelfrustrated and rejected

37. Uncontactedpeoples

38. Uncontactedpeoples • Also isolated people or lost tribes, • Communitieswho live, or have lived, either by choice (people living in voluntary isolation) or by circumstance, without significant or first contact with greater civilization. Few people have remained totally uncontacted by modern civilization

39. Uncontactedpeoples • Example: Acre, Brazil in 2012

40. Uncontactedpeoples • Example: North Sentinel Island (India) • https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=fEsNc1HXoYc

41. Psychological response to globalization

42. Psychological response to globalization Exclusionaryand integrative response

43. Psychological response to globalization Thetendencyforintegrative response… • Highers: • With more interculturalcontact • Openess to experience • Lowers: • Withneedforsecurity and feelingsofthreat • Withlevelofidentification and relativeimportanceofownheritage

44. Psychological response to globalization • Role ofpoliticians and media – Migrationcrisis

45. Psychological response to globalization

46. Thankyou