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Overview of Jewish History: From the Exodus to the Exilarch

Overview of Jewish History: From the Exodus to the Exilarch. Exodus from Egypt c. 1250 BCE. “Pitom and Raamses” Evidence of destruction and new settlements in Israel in the 13 th cent. Pharaohs of Shemot are likely: Seti I (1294-1279BCE) Ramses II (1279-1213BCE) Merneptah (1213-1203 BCE).

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Overview of Jewish History: From the Exodus to the Exilarch

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  1. Overview of Jewish History:From the Exodus to the Exilarch

  2. Exodus from Egypt c. 1250 BCE • “Pitom and Raamses” • Evidence of destruction and new settlements in Israel in the 13th cent. • Pharaohs of Shemot are likely: • Seti I (1294-1279BCE) • Ramses II (1279-1213BCE) • Merneptah (1213-1203 BCE)

  3. Merneptah’s sarcophagus • and the • Merneptah Victory Stele

  4. “Canaan is captive with all woe. Ashkelon is conquered, Gezer seized, Yanoam made nonexistent; Israel (nomadic tribe) is wasted, bare of seed.” – Merenptah Stele This shows that Israel was in its land before 1200BCE but was still group of semi-nomadic tribes, not well-established. The stela does make clear that "Israel" at this stage, refers to a people or tribal confederation

  5. King David - 1000BCE

  6. Divided Kingdom 931-722BCE

  7. 722BCE – Exile of Northern Tribes by Assyria

  8. Destruction of Temple I 587 BCEby Nebuchadnezzar

  9. Cyrus the Great conquers the Babylonians and permits the Jews to return to Israel and rebuilt the Temple • 539BCE

  10. Building of Temple II 516 BCEunder Zerubabel

  11. Purim Story – under Persians

  12. Alexander the Great • http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=MQfBinQwPGs&feature=email

  13. Hanukah Story – 164 BCE

  14. Destruction of Temple II – 70 CE

  15. Arch of Titus

  16. Rabbis Reconvene at Yavnehafter 70 CE

  17. Bar Kokhba Revolt - 132 CE • Front: Trumpets. "לחרות ירושלים" • Back: Lyre. "ש[נה] ב לחר[ות] ישראל"

  18. Texts and Time Periods • 1000BCE King David • 587 BCE Destruction of Temple I • 539 BCE Cyrus the Great – Persian rule • 516 BCE Second Temple Built • 332 BCE Alexander the Great – Greek rule • 164 BCE Maccabean Revolt • 150BCE-70CE Pharisees • 70 CE Second Temple Destroyed • 132 CE Bar Kokhba Revolt • 50-200 CE Tannaitic Period • 220 CE Mishnah & Tannaitic Midrash Compiled • 200-500 CE Amoraic Period • 400 CE Yerushalmi & Amoraic Midrash Compiled • 500-700 CE Savoraim in Babylonia • 600 CE Bavli Completed

  19. Rabbinic Texts Tannaitic Midrashim Mishnah Tosefta 200CE Talmud Yerushalmi 400CE Amoraic Midrashim Talmud Bavli 600CE See https://fc.gannacademy.org/gannopedia/genremap/rlgenremaphebrew.html

  20. Tannaitic Midrash

  21. Why is it called the “Mishnah”? • The Hebrew root "ShNH" means "to repeat," (ושננתם לבניך) and refers to memorization by repetition. "Mishnah" therefore has the sense of "that which is memorized by rote," as distinct from the Rabbinic designation for the Bible: "Miqra,"that which is read and recited from a written text. • The Jewish sages whose statements are quoted in the Mishnah are known as Tanna'im (singular: "Tanna"), derived from the Aramaic root related to the Hebrew "ShNH". The era in which the Mishnah was developed is therefore referred to as the "Tanna'itic" era.

  22. “Our” Mishnah • On the Talmud page, the passages from the Mishnah (for which the Talmud serves as a commentary) are introduced with the abbreviation "MTNY'," short for the Aramaic “Matnitin," "our mishnah." It is customary for the Babylonian Talmud to refer to "our Mishnah" (or: We learned), to distinguish it from other, "external," mishnahs, referred to in Aramaic as "baraita.“ Some of the bataitot are collected in the Tosefta.

  23. Contents of the Mishnah • First Order: Zeraim ("Seeds"). 11 tractates. It deals with agricultural laws and prayers. • Second Order: Moed ("Festival"). 12 tractates. This pertains to the laws of the Sabbath and the Festivals. • Third Order: Nashim ("Women"). 7 tractates. Concerns marriage and divorce. • Fourth Order: Nezikin ("Damages"). 10 tractates. Deals with civil and criminal law. • Fifth Order: Kodshim ("Holy things"). 11 tractates. This involves sacrificial rites, the Temple, and the dietary laws. • Sixth order: Tohorot ("Purities"). 12 tractates. This pertains to the laws of purity and impurity, including the impurity of the dead, the laws of ritual purity for the priests (cohanim), the laws of "family purity" (the menstrual laws) and others.

  24. Order of Masechtot within a Seder • Rambam tries to explain order of tractates in the Mishnah based on either chronological or logical progression.

  25. SEDER MOED • Shabbat • Eruvin • Pesachim • Shekalim • Yoma • Sukkah • Beitzah • Rosh Hashanah • Ta'anint • Megillah • Moed Katan • Hagigah

  26. SEDER MOED • Shabbat 24 • Eruvin 10 • Pesachim 10 • Shekalim 8 • Yoma 8 • Sukkah 5 • Beitzah 5 • Rosh Hashanah 4 • Ta'anint 4 • Megillah 4 • Moed Katan 3 • Hagigah 3

  27. SEDER NASHIM • Yevamot 16 • Ketubot 13 • Nedarim 11 • Nazir 9 • Sotah 9 • Gittin 9 • Kiddushin 4

  28. SEDER NEZIKIN • Bava Kamma 10 • Bava Metzia 10 • Bava Batra 10 • Sanhedrin 11 • Makkot 3 • Shevuot 8 • Edutoyot 8 • Avodah Zarah 5 • Avot 5 (6) • Horayot 3

  29. SEDER KODASHIM • Zevahim 14 • Menahot 13 • Hullin 12 • Bekhorot 9 • Arakhin 9 • Terumah 7 • Keritot 6 • Me'ilah 6 • Tamid 6 • Middot 5 • Kinnim 3

  30. SEDER TOHOROT • Keilim 30 • Oholot 18 • Negaim 14 • Parah 12 • Tohorot 10 • Mikvaot 10 • Niddah 10 • Makshirin 6 • Zavim 5 • Tevul Yom 4 • Yadaim 4 • Uktzin 3

  31. SEDER ZERAIM • Berakhot 9 • Peah 8 • Demai 7 • Kilaim 9 • Sheviit 10 • Terumot 11 • Ma'asrot 5 • Ma'aser Sheini 5 • Hallah 4 • Orlah 3 • Bikkurim 4

  32. The most reliable complete manuscript of the Mishnah.

  33. Save one life… • משנה מסכת סנהדרין פרק ד משנה ה • לפיכך נברא אדם יחידי ללמדך • שכל המאבד נפש אחד מישראל מעלה עליו הכתוב כאילו איבד עולם מלא • וכל המקיים נפש אחת מישראל מעלה עליו הכתוב כאילו קיים עולם מלא • ומפני שלום הבריות שלא יאמר אדם לחבירו אבא גדול מאביך • http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=uvGu3Y9e8y0

  34. Mishnah Sanhedrin 4:5 – Ms. Kaufman

  35. Important Political Events • 313CE Constantine converted to and declared toleration for Christianity • 351CE Jewish Revolt against Gallus protesting anti-Jewish legislation • 362CE Julian the Apostate announced rebuilding of the Bet Hamikdash • 380 Christianity declared the official religion of the Roman Empire • 395 Roman Empire splits into two • 425CE Elimination of the Patriarchate • 638CE Muslim Conquest

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