AP US Review

1. AP US Review 1914-present

2. Entrance into WWI • Submarine Warfare • Lusitania, Sussex Pledge, others. • Economic Links with Britain and France. • Public Opinion • Zimmerman Telegram, Russian Rev. • Mobilization • War Boards • Espionage and Sedition Acts

3. Treaty of Versailles • Terms- League of Nations • Irreconcilable • Reservationists led by Henry Cabot Lodge • Wilson’s Tour and stroke • Not Ratified

4. Postwar Problems

5. Social Events of the 1910s • The Red Scare • Palmer Raids • Labor Conflict • Strikes of 1919 • Race Riots in the North

6. Republican Control • Harding Administration- “return to normalcy” • Pardon’s Debbs • Scandals- Teapot Dome- bribes for oil leases • Coolidge Administration • Election of 1924 • Strong belief in limited government- vetos • Election of 1928 • Hoover vs. Smith (Roman Catholic) • Hoover wins a landslide. Even some southern states

7. Economy of the 1920s • Causes of business boom • Productivity- Taylorism and Ford’s atomization • Energy Technologies- oil and electricity • Gov’t policy- corporate tax cuts and few regs. • Farm Problems • Diminished market after WWI • Labor Problems • Unions declined because of the open shop • John L. Lewis (UMW) lost several strikes

8. Culture of the 1920s • The Jazz Age • Consumerism • Automobiles • Entertainment- radio, movies • Popular heroes- entertainment, sports, Lindbergh • Gender Roles • “laborsaving devises”, flappers, divorce • Religion

9. Arts and Literature • Alienation- Fitzgerald, Hemingway, Sinclair Lewis, T.S. Eliot, Eugene O’Neill • Harlem Renaissance- poets: L . Hughes; music: Duke Ellington, Louis Armstrong • Marcus Garvey (UNIA) – Black Star, Back-to-Africa

10. Cultures in Conflict • Fundamentalism and Scopes • Prohibition- 18th Amend. • Nativism- • Quota laws in 1921 and 1924 • Sacco and Vanzetti case • Ku Klux Klan

11. Fiction of Isolation after WWI • Washington Conference (1921)- • 5 Powers Treaty- ship ratios for US, B, J, F, I • Four Power Treaty- respect territory in Pacific • Nine-Power Treaty- respect Open Door policy • Kellogg-Briand Pact • Use diplomacy to advance business in L.A. • Mexico and Troops in Nicaragua and Haiti • War Debts: Dawes Plan establishes a cycle of Debts

12. Causes of the Great Depression • Uneven distribution of Income • Stock Market Speculation • Buying on Margin • Overproduction and under consumption • Weak Farm economy • Little Regulation of Businesses • Global Economic Problems

13. Liberal vs. Conservative Responses • Hoover • Hawley-Smoot Tariff (1930 • Debt moratorium (suspension) • Federal Farm Board- temporary hold surplus grain • Reconstruction Finance Corporation (RFC) • Roosevelt • New Deal • Election of 1932- Bonus Army

14. New Deal Legislation

15. Legacy of the New Deal

16. Road to WWII

17. American Isolationism • Revisionist History of WWI Nye committee • Neutrality Acts 1935- prohibit arms and travel 1936- forbade loans and credit 1937- forbade aid to Spain • America First Committee Charles Lindbergh

18. Arsenal of Democracy • Quarantine Speech • Rearmament • Neutrality Act of 1939 “Cash and Carry” • Selective Service • Destroyers-for-bases • Four Freedoms want, fear, speech, worship

19. Arsenal of Democracy • Lend-Lease • Atlantic Charter • Shoot on Sight • Disputes with Japan • US economic actions • Negotiations

20. Changes as a result of WWII • United Nations • Two Superpowers

21. Historical interpretations of the nature of the Cold War • Psychological • Strategic • Economic • Political

22. Psychological • The United States was looking for enemies to affirm its unique goodness. -Britain from the Revolution to as late as 1895 (Cleveland in South America). -Germany in WWI an WWII. -Communists from 1917 to the end of the Cold War (two Red Scares).

23. Strategic • Soviet Empire was a threat to America’s National Security Postwar Europe was in ruins and the Soviet Army occupied half the continent. Communist parties vied for control of governments in countries the Soviets did not control (did not matter if they took orders from the Kremlin or not)

24. Economic • The Cold War resulted from America’s desire to export capitalism around the globe. Fear that another depression would destroy the American way of life. To prevent this America needed to open up as many markets as possible around the world. This interpretation puts the Soviets on the defensive

25. Political • The Cold War became a long running issue in American politics. Since it was institutionalized it became difficult to end. Joseph McCarthy to Ronald Reagan and beyond.

26. What caused the Cold War? • Geopolitical causes • Ideological causes

27. Geopolitical causes • Since 1783 the United States has been extending its influence. initially West but into European affairs with WWI and WWII • Russia had been expanding in the other direction. The two countries had bumped in Alaska but not again until 1945.

28. Ideological causes • Capitalism vs. Communism (Socialism) Beginning in 1917, Wilson launched a campaign to make the world safe for democracy. Lenin to make the world safe for socialism. Fascism postpones the conflict for fifty years.

29. Early Cold War events- Truman • Marshall Plan • Berlin Blockade • NATO • National Security Act – DOD, NSC, CIA • Soviet A-bomb • NSC-68

30. Truman’s Domestic Policy • Fair Deal • Election 1948

31. Red Scare of the 1950s • Un-American activities Committee (HUAC) Hollywood 10- choices and outcome Blacklists • Alger Hiss • Rosenbergs • The Rise and Fall of Joseph McCarthy

32. Eisenhower and the Cold War • John Foster Dulles advocates a “New Look” Massive Retaliation “Brinkmanship” Concept of Deterrence (M.A.D.) Covert Operations in the Third World Iran and Guatemala

33. Ike in Asia • Koreans Armistice (1953) • Fall of Indochina Dien Bien Phu (1954) • Division of Vietnam 1954 Geneva Accords • SEATO (1954)

34. Ike in the Middle East • Suez Crisis (1956) • The Eisenhower Doctrine • OPEC and Oil

35. Ike and US-Soviet Relations • Spirit of Geneva • Hungarian Revolt (1956) • Sputnik Shock (1957) • Second Berlin Crisis • U-2 Incident • Eisenhower‘s farewell address

36. Election of 1960 • Nixon vs JFK (chooses LBJ to balance the ticket) • First televised debate- significance • “missile gap” • Very close election • JFKs inaugural address

37. Foreign Affairs • Bay of Pigs (1961) • Berlin Wall (1961) Ich bin ein Berliner (‘63) • Cuban Missile Crisis (1962) • Change from Massive Retaliation to Flexible Response. Green Berets in Vietnam • Nuclear Test Ban Treaty • Peace Corps

38. John F. Kennedy’s New Frontier • Spirit of Camelot • JFK called for aid to education, federal support of health care, urban renewal and civil rights but languished in Congress. • Assassination in Dallas

39. The Great Society • Shortly after taking office LBJ passes an expanded version of JFK’s Civil Rights bill and JFK’s income tax cut. • War on Poverty influenced by Michael Harrington Office of Economic Opportunity created and given a billion dollar budget. Head Start, Job Corps, literacy programs, legal services.

40. Great Society Reforms • Medicare and Medicaid. • Elementary and Secondary School Act. • Abolish discriminatory immigration quotas from the 1920s. Asian & Latin Americans immigrate. • Nat’l Foundation on the Arts and the Humanities. • Dept. of Transportation (DOT) and Housing and Urban Development (HUD) are created. • Increased funding for higher education. • Increased funding for public housing and crime prevention.

41. Warren Court- • Gideon v. Wainwright (1963): required that state courts provide counsel for indigent defendants. • Miranda v. Arizona (1966): extended Escobedo to include the right to a lawyer during questioning. • Reapportionment • Freedom of Expression and Privacy

42. Modern Civil Rights Movement • barriers to integration • Changing Attitudes about Race • Influence of Demographics and the Cold War

43. Path to Equality • Warren Court: Brown v. The Board of Ed. • NAACP and Kenneth Clark. • “The Southern Manifesto.” • Ike uses the 101st airborne to protect the black students • Montgomery Bus Boycott • SCLC and SNCC • The Sit-in Movement • Freedom Rides

44. Path to Equality • Birmingham, Alabama- JFK was forced to act • March to Washington, 1963 • 1964 Civil Rights Act • Freedom Summer of 1964 • Selma, Alabama. 1965 • Voting Rights Act of 1965

45. Alternative Civil Rights • Malcolm X advocated Black Pride, Black Separatism and armed self defense. • Stokely Carmichael calls for Black Power • The Black Panthers • Violence in the North • The Kerner Commission

46. Escalation in Vietnam • Gulf of Tonkin incident and resolution • Hawks vs. Doves • Soldiers Experience

47. Opposition to Vietnam • The New Left • Students for a Democratic Society- Hayden • The Tet Offensive (1968)

48. Chicago 1968 • George Wallace- white backlash; American Independent Party • Nixon Wins in 1968. Combined with Wallace for 57% of the National Vote. Time to heal. • Chicago Seven- political radicals accused of conspiring to incite the riots that occurred during the Democratic National Convention.

49. Nixon and Vietnam • “peace with honor.” • “Vietnamization” • Nixon Doctrine- Asian allies would receive US support without extensive ground troops. • Cambodia. Four killed at Kent State and two at Jackson State. • Senate (not the House) repeals the Gulf of Tonkin Resolution.

50. Opposition Grows • Nixon appeals to the Silent Majority. • In 1969 Americans were shocked to hear about the My Lai massacre. • Pentagon Papers in the New York Times. These had been leaked by Daniel Ellsberg, a former Defense Department analyst.