Subject: Philosophy Theme 11: Philosophical theory of being (ontology)

Department of Philosophy and Psychology Lecturer: PhD, docent Elena Shevchenko Subject: Philosophy Theme 11: Philosophical theory of being (ontology) For all specialties

A lection’s plan Philosophical theory of being. Ontology. • Ontology – theory of being • The main issues and categories of ontology • The main types of life (being) Movement, matterandconsciousness • Forms of existence • Movement andmatter • Sources and forms of movement • Characteristic of consciousness, the spheres and forms of consciousness • Sources of conscious activity. 2

Requirements for knowledge and skills • Knowledge • Philosophical doctrine of theworld • Philosophical understanding of the nature • The basic concepts of philosophical ontology Skills • Understanding of the causes of changes in perceptions of the world order • Philosophical distinction between types of positions in understanding of the world • Orientation in modern scientific theories about the structure of the world 3

Material for knowledge recovery • : To prepare for the topic: “The philosophical doctrine of being (ontology), you must repeat the major themes: • Ancient Greek philosophy • Ancient Oriental philosophy • Middle Ages philosophy • Philosophy of the New Age • Classical German philosophy 4

Contents Philosophical theory of being (ontology) Main concepts Academic material Questions for self-examination Recommended books 5

Main concepts Philosophical theory of being (ontology). • Attribute • Material • Principle • Quality • Quantity • Universe • Measure • Chaos • Substance 6

ACADEMIC MATERIAL Philosophical theory of being (ontology). • The main issues: • Origin of the world • Universal connection in the world • Main characteristics and principals • In what direction the world is developed? • Categories : • Being (the synonyms are: «existence», «world», «Universe», «actuality», «reality») and «nihility» (the synonyms are: «nonexistence», «nothing»). • The substance is the real basis of the concrete world, manifested in different forms of existence of objects and phenomena 7

ACADEMIC MATERIAL Philosophical theory of being (ontology). The main types of being. Material being: physical, naturalworld of things It is specified in the category of “matter” ( the synonyms are: primitive matter, material, the smallest particle of reality) Basic characteristics: extension , mobility, gravity, др. Dualism is a recognition of the equality of both species. Ideal being: Spiritual world, world of consciousness, world of ideas. It isspecified in the category of «consciousness» (the synonyms are: spirit, universe idea, mind of God, objective mind, the world will, inner world, conscious being…) Monism is a recognition of the primacy of one of the categories being 8

ACADEMIC MATERIAL MATTER • Modern ideas about matter: • Communication with the greatest discoveries of XIX-XX centuries in all areas of natural science (Einstein, Maxwell, Plank). • In contemporary philosophy of natural science the concept of matter loses its specific characteristics and becomes carrier attributes (space and time), which is characterized by the properties: uncreatable, indestructability, infinite. • Matter never loses its ability to new transformations, except for extinction • Forms of existence of matter: • Time – this is a form of existence of material objects, characterized by sequence and duration (continuance). • The properties of time: dimensionality, irreversibility, uniformity (homogeneity) 9

Academic material Movement (motion) and matter • Movement • Movement is a property (attribute) of the matter, which is in its ability to change, to move from one state to another. • Matter can not exist without motion, so the motion is called the mode of existence of matter. The sources of movement It is the eternal Absolute prime mover (God) (Aristotle) God is a master-watchmaker world clocks. This clock goes according their own principals (Newton, Descartes); It is inherently contradictory phenomena (Hegel) 10

Academic material Forms of movement 11

Academic material Consciousness Рисунок Ideality is an essential characteristic of consciousness. Its component images do not have any properties of objects reflected in it. Its do not have the physiological properties of neural processes. And its component images have no physical properties. Objectivity is the form of consciousness. It develops in the history, regardless of the will and mind of the individual. Language, morality, religion, art were created by humans, but they exist independently of the individual’s mind. Consciousness is a social phenomenon. Man thinks included in society. Consciousness is a function of society as a whole. Human consciousness as a way to adapt by changing the environment. 12

Academic material Semiotic-symbolic form of consciousness Рисунок Language as a system of signs. Language is a way of expression and preservation of consciousness. Language is material, since the signs and symbols represent their values through physical media, without which they are not possible. As a thinking ideal, than it can be transmitted only by sign or symbol. Language is the material expression of ideal constructions. 13

Academic material Spheres of consciousness Spheres of consciousness Cognitive Emotional and Value-willed The area of sensory processes Field of rational thinking Internal experiences and Spiritual efforts 14

Academic material Sources of consciousness • Subconsciousmind is the instincts, reflexes, dreams, complexes • Super-consciousness is the intuition, insight, conscience • Sources of consciousness are factors that create, modify, direct the processes of consciousness • The most important sources are the external material world,socio-cultural environment , spiritual experience 15

Acquired knowledge • Knowledge of the philosophical doctrine of the world • Philosophical understanding of the nature of knowledge • Knowledge of the basic concepts of philosophical ontology • Knowledge of current theories about the structure of the world • Knowledge of modern ideas about matter • Knowledge of the basic forms of motion and matter 16

Questions for self-examinations • How the concepts of “being” and “matter” related with each other? • What they have in common and have do they differ, what is the relationship between them? • List the main characteristics of consciousness. • What is the material? What is the ideal? • Define the motion and call the main sources of movement. • List the basic form of the motion. Give them a description. • What is the objective of consciousness? • Give the description of the spheres of consciousness. 17

Recommended books 1. Introduction to Philosophy: Textbook for academy. – M., 2002 2. GorbachevV.V. Concepts of modern science: Textbookforstudents ofacademy. – М., 2003. 3. Philosophical Dictionary/Edited by I.T. Frolov. – М., 2001 4. Philosophy. Chrestomathy/AuthorP.S.Gurevich. – М., 2002. 5. NikiforovA.L. Nature of Philosophy. – М., 2001. 18

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Subject: Philosophy Theme 11: Philosophical theory of being (ontology)