What kinds of things do we need to plan for as the population grows?

1. What kinds of things do we need to plan for as the population grows? • New schools • New facilities to care for elderly • New Roads • Increased capacity for electrical usage • Housing • Medical Care • Economy Can you think of any???

2. How will we get our population to stabilize? • Ideally – we would reach replacement rate on a global scale (two parents replace themselves with 2 children) • This does not factor in that some populations will be shrinking and some will grow – each presenting its own unique challenges Think about the movie – what are the different challenges for each situation?

3. What factors can affect fertility rates? • “Baby Booms” • Education • Access to family planning • Money • Developed/Developing Status • Reproductive rights for women • Society’s attitudes towards women’s rights • Infant mortality rates

4. What role does migration play in population growth? • They can increase or decrease the rate of growth in a country Why do people emmigrate from one country to another?

5. What factors affect life expectancy and death rates? • Infant Mortality is largely determined by the parents’ access to food, fuel/energy, education, clean water • Contagious Disease

7. Why vaccinations are important…. • They stop preventable diseases from entering the population • These preventable diseases all contribute to increased infant mortality if left unchecked

8. What happens if we are not immunized… • In 2003 a measles outbreak occurred in the Republic of the Marshall Islands (pop. 56,000), where immunization rates were below 75%—less than the community immunity threshold for measles. An infected tourist from Japan started an epidemic that resulted in 703 cases of measles, 56 hospitalizations and three deaths. • In contrast, there were two separate introductions of measles into Mexico (pop. over 100 million) in 2003 but only 41 cases occurred, mostly among unimmunized infants. Measles immunization rates in Mexico are over 95%.

9. What happens if we are not immunized… • In 2010 California experienced a whooping cough outbreak that caused 9,120 cases and 10 deaths from the disease. Researchers identified 39 areas with high rates of non-medical exemptions, as well as two large clusters of whooping cough (also called pertussis) cases. • Areas within exemption clusters were more than twice as likely to overlap with pertussis case clusters than areas outside of exemption clusters. • Because pertussis is one of the most contagious human diseases, it is a great risk to those who are not vaccinated. Pertussis will develop in 90% of unvaccinated children living with someone with pertussis, and in 50% to 80% of unvaccinated children who attend school or daycare with someone with pertussis.

10. What happens if we are not immunized… • Children with pertussis have decreased ability to cough up respiratory secretions and develop thick, glue-like mucus in the windpipe. This causes severe coughing spells that make it difficult for them to eat, drink, or breathe. The child may suffer from coughing spells for two to three weeks or longer. Sometimes the child coughs several times before breathing in. When the child finally does breathe in there is often a loud gasp or “whooping” sound. • The disease is most severe when it occurs early in life and it often requires hospitalization.

11. What happens if we are not immunized… • As a result of the polio outbreak, at least 10 children have been paralysed, and hundreds of thousands more are thought to be at risk. • "[This] is not just a tragedy for children, it is an urgent alarm - and a crucial opportunity to reach all under-immunised children wherever they are," said Peter Crowley, chief of polio for the UN children's agency Unicef. He said the new cases in Syria were a "stark reminder" that children are particularly vulnerable to the disease. • Syria's immunisation rates have plunged from more than 90% before the conflict broke out in March 2011 to current levels of about 68%.

12. What is polio? • Polio (poliomyelitis) mainly affects children aged under five • It is a highly infectious disease caused by a virus which invades the nervous system • Symptoms include fever, fatigue, headache, vomiting, stiffness in the neck, and limb pain • One in 200 infections leads to irreversible paralysis • Between 5-10% of those who suffer paralysis die because their breathing muscles are immobilised Children with polio in Sierra Leone (courtesy of the World Health Organization)

13. Community Immunity AKA Herd Immunity • Not everybody can receive vaccines (infants, allergic, pregnant, immune compromised)– but they are protected by the vast majority of people who are vaccinated • It only works if everybody cooperates

14. Question: Why does disease spread so easily in developing countries? • Today we are going to simulate the spread of disease through a population • Procedure: • Each person will get a test tube of water to represent their body • You will make 3 unprotected exchanges with another person • To make an exchange each of you will take one dropper of liquid from your own test tube and pour it into the other person’s test tube • One person in the population is “infected” • At then end we will test each test-tube to see who caught the infection

15. Women’s RoleThere is a strong connection between the level of education and financial independence women have and fertility rates Developed Developing Less Education Less women working out of the home Children work (farming, gathering, family business)- so more children is helpful Elderly rely on their children for care and support Average Fertility is higher • More education – reproductive health and vocational knowledge • More women at work out of the home • Children not needed to support the family • Children not needed to care for aging family • Average fertility is lower

16. What are some major environmental implications of over-population? • Resource depletion • Access to resources • Habitat destruction • Habitat fragmentation • Increased Pollution • Endangerment to different species of plants and animals • Public health issues – Contagious Disease • Shortage of Energy resources • Acceleration of climate change • Not enough space to build housing • Not enough space to grow food • Not enough forest land • Access to clean water • Political Conflict

17. Resource Depletion • What resources do we need? • How do we divide them up among so many people? • What happens when we run out? • Some are renewable – but are we taking measures to renew them? • Are we planning ahead to find new resources?

18. Access to Resources • Growing disparity between wealthy and not- wealthy • Who decides who gets access? • What happens to people without access to resources?

19. Habitat Destruction • What happens to the organisms who live in the forests? • The coral reefs? • The grasslands? • The coastal wetlands? • What happens to us when those ecosystems are no longer available and can no longer provide us with resources?

20. Habitat Fragmentation • What happens to ecosystems when we carved them up by building roads? • What happens to ecosystems when we build a housing development in the middle? • What happens to migratory animals when we interfere with their migratory patterns?

21. Increased Pollution • More people means…. • More cars producing Nitrous Oxides and Carbon Monoxides • More smog • More factories making Nitrous-oxides and Sulfer-oxides • More fertilizer run-off • More leaching of toxins into our drinking water • More mercury from factories entering the food chain • More Pesticides • More smoke and particulate matter • More energy needed resulting in more burning of fossil fuels • More products being used that contain Volatile Organic Compounds

22. Endangered Species • Can they compete with us? • Unless we decide to protect them and their habitats – who will? • Do other places have laws to protect living things like the U.S.? • How do you balance human needs (homes and food) and wants (stuff) with the protection of organisms that could stop us from getting our needs and wants?

23. Public Health • Pollution of air and water affects health • More people means more ways to carry and transmit disease • Zombie Apocalypse????

24. Shortage of Energy Resources • Fossil Fuels are limited and non-renewable • Fossil fuels pollute and contribute to climate change • We are coming to the end of our fossil fuel sources • We have increasing demands for electricity • Do we have a back-up plan?

25. Acceleration of Climate Change • More people means… • More cars and factories producing Carbon Dioxide • More Farms and Landfills producing methane • More methane and Carbon Dioxide speeds up climate change • What do other organisms do when the climate changes? • How do we cope with increased storms/tornadoes and hurricanes caused by climate change? • What will we do when sea levels rise and our coastal cities are submerged? • What happens when the food sources and natural resources we rely on are no longer available because of climate change?

26. Not enough space to build housing • Everybody has to live somewhere… • But not everywhere is habitable… • Where will we go? • If we use the land to build houses…what can’t we use the land for?

27. Not enough space to grow food • Everybody needs to eat… • But not everywhere can provide food (farming/ raising animals)… • If we use the land to build houses…what can’t we use the land for?

28. Not enough forest land • Forests absorb carbon dioxide, provide valuable timber and are the source of our paper (and paper products) • Maintaining forest lands means that we can’t use it for housing or food production • Once we cut down a forest – it can’t really be regrown

29. Access to clean water • Everybody needs drinking water – but not all water is suitable or accessible for drinking • Clean water leads to good hygiene which can prevent diseases • What happens when we don’t have enough water?

30. Political Conflict • When people’s needs/wants are met – conflict occurs • With more people – it is more likely that needs and wants will not be met • Issues of needs and wants are complicated – how do we negotiate with people who have the resources we need? • What happens when people take too much? • What happens when people have too little?