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Evolution of Policing

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Evolution of Policing

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  1. Evolution of Policing (Case Study) Company Name: Home Of Dissertations Website: https://www.dissertationhomework.com Contact Number: +44 7842798340 CONNECT NOW

  2. Evolution of Policing Group Members

  3. Abolition of Police Authorities and Introduction of PCC • In 2012, Police Authorities were abolished and instead, the public was allowed to vote directly for an individual to represent them in crime and policing. These individuals were referred to as police and crime commissioners (PCCs). • The primary role of PCCs is to advocate for the public in crime reduction and improvement of community safety. • PCCs are scrutinised publicly by a Police and Crime Panel (PCP), which is comprised of a minimum of 10 councillor and 2 independent members drawn from community representatives and locally elected councillors (Gov.UK 2019) • The PCCs have the power to appoint and remove chief constables. However, this is subjected to confirmation by the PCP

  4. From Bureaucratic Accountability to Democratic Accountability • In 2012, the Whitehall interference in policing was ended so that police would focus more on keeping the public safe (Gov.UK 2019). • Ending the Whitehall interference significantly cut on the bureaucracy imposed on police forces • The government continues in their role in setting national strategic direction for the police but it is up to the police to decide how to do their job and up to the public and PCCs to hold the police accountable • Democratic accountability empowers communities to decide how well police are doing • The government provides the public with timely information to enable them rate the work of police and identify areas of improvement.

  5. The Policing Code of Ethics • The Code is made up of 9 principles and 10 standards of professional behaviour. • The principles are accountability, fairness, honesty, integrity, leadership, objectivity, openness, respect, and selflessness • The standards are honesty and integrity; authority, respect and courtesy; equality and diversity; use of force; orders and instructions; duties and responsibilities; confidentiality; fitness for work; conduct; and challenging and reporting improper conduct • The policing policies originate from the Principles of Public Life while the standards originate from the Police Regulations 2012 (Gov.UK 2019)

  6. Professionalization of the police service • When the public police service was introduced in 1829, very minimal and drill-based training was provided as police work included occasional riot control and foot patrol (Tong and Hallenberg 2018). • With time, the complexity of police work increased requiring more training. For example, in 1878, the criminal investigation department was introduced calling for the need to train such police with investigative skills (Beckley 2004). • World War II led to increased specialisation and labour division among the police. In the 1960s the police service reoriented itself towards technology, specialisation, and managerial professionalism resulting to decline in foot patrol

  7. Professionalization of the police service Cont. • In the 1970s, there was rise in anti-war, counter-culture, and anti-apartheid demonstrations resulting to politicisation of policing calling for training at the political level (Reiner 2010) • Training has evolved over the years and in the last decade, use of external expertise has been embraced while encouraging reflective and independent learning. • The educational training of police has received much attention. For example, the publication of the Robbins Report on Higher Education implicated that police acquire professional training in colleges and universities (Tong and Hallenberg 2018). Following this, Essex Constabulary sent officers to university to complete fulltime degrees from 1967 onwards

  8. References • Beckley, A., 2004. Police training–can it cope?. Police Research & Management, 6(2), pp.1-17. • Gov.UK 2019. Code of ethics launched. [Online] Available at https://www.gov.uk/government/news/code-of-ethics-launched [Accessed 29 October 2019] • Gov.UK 2019. Policing in the 21st Century: Reconnecting police and the people. [Online] Available at https://assets.publishing.service.gov.uk/government/uploads/system/uploads/attachment_data/file/118235/chapter-two.pdf [Accessed 29 October 2019] • Gov.UK 2019. Policing in the 21st Century: Reconnecting police and the people. [Online] Available at https://assets.publishing.service.gov.uk/government/uploads/system/uploads/attachment_data/file/118236/chapter-three.pdf [Accessed 29 October 2019] • Reiner, R., 2010. The politics of the police. Oxford University Press. • Tong, S. and Hallenberg, K.M., 2018. Education and the Police Professionalisation Agenda: A Perspective from England and Wales. In Higher Education and Police (pp. 17-34). Palgrave Macmillan, Cham.

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