Tools in context

1. Tools in context Laura Czerniewicz @czernie 19 March 2013 Beyond the PDF2, Amsterdam

2. Tools in research dissemination are only one aspect of a complex web of scholarly communication & knowledge production

3. Technology & society Invention and development have their own immanent laws Technology shapes society Neutral Technology is simply a tool Technological determinism Instrumentalism Autonomous Human control Substantivism Critical theory The values embodied in technology are socially specific. Choices of means-end systems  Technology has intrinsic values Means & ends linked in systems Value-laden Feenberg, A 2003

4. Critical perspective Whose interests are being served? Who participates? Who is enabled? Who is constrained?

5. Who produces knowledge?

6. Books published the opposite of open is “broken”

7. International peer-reviewed journals • Of the articles published in international peer-reviewed journals • USA academics 30% • Developing countries 20% • of which half from China, India, Brazil, Turkey, Mexico • Sub Saharan Africa 1% of total Hassan, M, 2008,, Science Vol. 322 – 24

8. What shapes knowledge production & dissemination?

9. Infrastructure

10. http://www.masterresource.org/wp-content/uploads/2009/12/earth_night.jpghttp://www.masterresource.org/wp-content/uploads/2009/12/earth_night.jpg

11. http://submarine-cable-map-2013.telegeography.com/

12. http://global-internet-map-2012.telegeography.com/

13. Funding

14. www.researchtrends.com/issue-32-march-2013/trends-in-arts-humanities-funding-2004-2012/www.researchtrends.com/issue-32-march-2013/trends-in-arts-humanities-funding-2004-2012/

15. Culture

16. Research output from Africa Adams et al, 2010

17. Reward systems • The case of South Africa, where the government gives universities $13000 for every article published in • The Sciences Citation Index of the Institute of Scientific Information (ISI) • The Social Sciences Citation Index of the ISI • The Arts and Humanities Citation Index of the ISI • The International Bibliography of Social Sciences (IBSS) • The Department of Education (DoE) List of Approved South African Journals • Of the 23 universities, 21 give a % directly to the authors

18. Who publishes? What about? What does an “international” high impact journal look like?

19. Example: 4 “high impact” journals • Authorship per country AMJ, AMR, ASQ and JIBS (2006-2010),

20. Empirical focus AMJ, AMR, ASQ and JIBS (2006-2010)

21. Who decides? “We editors seek a global status for our journals, but we shut out the experiences and practices of those living in poverty by our (unconscious) neglect. One group is advantaged while the other is marginalised.” Richard Horton, The Lancet, Vol 361, 1 March 2003 Thanks to Leslie Chan, http://www.slideshare.net/lesliechan/remapping-the-local-and-the-global

22. Whose interests are served? Whose interests do international journals serve? Are journals the best way to share research outputs?

23. In conclusion: OA now “An old tradition and a new technology have converged to make possible an unprecedented public good” Budapest Open Access Declaration 2002

24. Open access is not just about passive receipt from the north Need active engagement by all in the innovation space to avoid inadvertently deepening inequalities

25. Is a knowledge production & dissemination system that sidelines three quarters of the world desirable? Is it good for science?

26. Ultimately, open access and open science stand or fall as workable ideals if the whole international community buys into are able to participate in it (to rephrase Curry, S 2013)

27. References • Adams J; King, C; Hook, D, (2010), Global Research Report, Africa, Thomson Reuters • Curry, S (2003) Insights – 26(1), March 2013 • Hassan, M, (2008), Editorial, Science Vol. 322 – 24 October 2008. Page 3 • Hamann, R (2012) Balancing the academic terms of trade: The paradox of publishing in top-tier journals from the periphery (unpublished) • Horton, R (2003) The Lancet, Vol 361, 1 March 2003