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BIO 210 Chapter 13 Supplement 3 The Central Nervous System

BIO 210 Chapter 13 Supplement 3 The Central Nervous System. PowerPoint by John McGill Supplemental Notes by Beth Wyatt. CEREBRUM. Largest, Uppermost Division STRUCTURE CEREBRAL HEMISHPERES LOBES. CEREBRAL HEMISHPERES. 2 Halves of the Cerebrum That are Joined.

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BIO 210 Chapter 13 Supplement 3 The Central Nervous System

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  1. BIO 210 Chapter 13Supplement 3The Central Nervous System PowerPoint by John McGill Supplemental Notes by Beth Wyatt

  2. CEREBRUM • Largest, Uppermost Division • STRUCTURE • CEREBRAL HEMISHPERES • LOBES

  3. CEREBRAL HEMISHPERES • 2 Halves of the Cerebrum That are Joined

  4. Sheep Brain: Cerebral Hemispheres

  5. LOBES of the CEREBRUM • LOBES • Cerebrum is Divided into Lobes by Fissures • Majority of Lobes Named After Bones • FRONTAL LOBE • PARIETAL LOBE • TEMPORAL LOBE • OCCIPITAL LOBE • INSULA • Lies Hidden in the Lateral Fissure

  6. LOBES of the CEREBRUM: Insula • Lies Hidden in the Lateral Fissure (a.k.a. lateral sulcus)

  7. Insula Photos

  8. Cerebral Fissures • FISSURES (4 Major) • LONGITUDINAL FISSURE (next slide) • CENTRAL SULCUS (aka central fissure) • LATERAL FISSURE • PARIETALOCCIPITAL FISSURE

  9. Cerebral Fissures: Longitudinal • Deepest; Divides Cerebrum into 2 Hemispheres

  10. Cerebral Fissures: Central Sulcus

  11. Cerebral Fissures: Lateral Fissures

  12. Cerebral Fissures: Parietaloccipital

  13. CEREBRAL CORTEX • CONVOLUTIONS (GYRI) are Folds • SULCI are Grooves

  14. Cerebrum vs. Cerebellum • Cerebral Cortex has Convolutions and Sulci as Cerebellum, Both Larger in Cerebrum

  15. Cerebral Tracts • White Matter of the Cerebrum • Lies Below the Cortex • Cerebrum Has 3 Major Kinds of Tracts • PROJECTION TRACTS • ASSOCIATION TRACTS • COMMISSURAL TRACTS

  16. PROJECTIONTRACTS are • Extensions of Tracts of Spinal Cord & Brainstem, ascending & descending. • Example of Ascending (Sensory) • spinothalamic • Example of Descending (Motor) • corticospinal

  17. Projection Tracts: Sensory/Ascending-spinothalamic

  18. Projection Tracts: Motor/Descending-corticospinal

  19. ASSOCIATION TRACTS • Tracts That Extend From 1 Convolution to Another Convolution in the SAME Hemisphere • Most Numerous

  20. COMMISSURAL TRACTS • Tracts That Extend From 1 Convolution to a Corresponding Convolution in the OPPOSITE Hemisphere • Compose the Corpus Callosum

  21. Additional Cerebral Structures • CEREBRAL NUCLEI (BASAL GANGLIA) • CORPUS CALLOSUM • SEPTUM PELLUCIDUM

  22. CEREBRAL NUCLEI (BASAL GANGLIA) • Gray Matter Located Deep Within the Cerebrum’s White Matter

  23. CEREBRAL NUCLEI (BASAL GANGLIA)

  24. CORPUS CALLOSUM • White Curved Structure That Joins the 2 Cerebral Hemispheres • Composed of Commissural Tracts

  25. SEPTUM PELLUCIDUM • Membrane That Lies Below the Corpus Callosum • Covers the Lateral Ventricles

  26. FUNCTIONS OF THE CEREBRAL CORTEX • Organized Into 3 Groups • SENSORY, MOTOR, & INTEGRATIVE.

  27. FUNCTIONS OF THE CEREBRAL CORTEX

  28. SENSORY FUNCTIONS OF THE CEREBRAL CORTEX • Cortex Involved in the Interpretation of Sensations

  29. MAJOR SENSORY AREASOF THE CEREBRAL CORTEX • PRIMARY SOMATIC SENSORY AREA (POSTCENTRAL GYRUS): CONTAINS SOMATIC SENSORY MAP • VISUAL CORTEX (OCCIPITAL LOBE) • PRIMARY AUDITORY AREA (TRANSVERSE GYRUS) • PRIMARY TASTE AREA

  30. MAJOR SENSORY AREAS • PRIMARY SOMATIC SENSORY AREA • POSTCENTRAL GYRUS • CONTAINS SOMATIC SENSORY MAP • Major Area Involved in the Interpretation of General Sensations • Located in the Postcentral Gyrus (Parietal Lobe) • Contains a Somatic Sensory (General Sense) Map

  31. VISUAL CORTEX (OCCIPITAL LOBE) • Major Area Involved in the Interpretation of Vision • Located in the Occipital Lobe

  32. PRIMARY AUDITORY AREA (TRANSVERSE GYRUS) • Major Area Involved in the Interpretation of Hearing • Located in the Transverse Gyrus (Temporal Lobe)

  33. PRIMARY TASTE AREA • Major Area Involved in the Interpretation of Taste • Located in the Postcentral Gyrus

  34. ASSOCIATION AREAS • Areas that Assist the Major Sensory Areas in the Interpretation of Sensations • In Addition, Other Areas of the Brain are Also Involved in the Interpretation of Sensation (i.e., Mamillary Bodies, Corpora Quadrigemina, Thalamus)

  35. MOTOR FUNCTIONS OF THE CEREBRAL CORTEX • Cortex also Involved the Producing Normal Voluntary Movements of Skeletal Muscles

  36. MOTOR FUNCTIONS OF THE CEREBRAL CORTEX • Movements of Skeletal Muscles • PRIMARY SOMATIC MOTOR AREA (PRECENTRAL GYRUS): CONTAINS SOMATIC MOTOR MAP • Major Area Responsible for Producing Voluntary Movements (Nerve Impulses Begin Here) • Located in the Precentral Gyrus (Frontal Lobe) • Contains a Somatic Motor (Skeletal Muscle) Map

  37. Sensory & Motor Maps

  38. Motor Functions continued… • PREMOTOR AREA • Assists the Major Motor Area in Producing Voluntary Movements • Located in the Frontal Lobe • In Addition, Other Areas of the Brain are Also Involved in Producing Normal Voluntary Movements (i.e., Cerebellum, Cerebral Nuclei, Thalamus)

  39. Integrative Functions • 3 cerebral functions: • Sensory • Motor • Integrative • Integrative Functions • Reticular Activating System-awareness • Language-understanding & speech • Limbic System-emotions • Memory

  40. INTEGRATIVE FUNCTIONS: Awareness • CONSCIOUSNESS • RETICULAR ACTIVATING SYSTEM • Awareness of One's Self, the Environment, Others

  41. INTEGRATIVE FUNCTIONS: Awareness • Involves the Reticular Activating System (RAS) • RAS = Neuron Pathways of the Reticular Formation, Brainstem, Hypothalamus, Thalamus, Areas of the Cerebral Cortex • Mechanism: As NI are Continuously Conducted Over the RAS and Excite Key Areas of the Cerebral Cortex, Consciousness Results • RAS Functions as the Arousal (Alerting) Mechanism

  42. Integrative functions: LANGUAGE (SPEECH CENTERS) • The 2 major Speech Centers Include: • Wernicke's Area: Sensory Speech Area (Understanding Language) • Broca's Area: Motor Speech Area (Use of Language) • Speech Centers Are Usually Located in the Left Cerebral Hemisphere

  43. Integrative functions: EMOTIONS (LIMBIC SYSTEM) • Limbic System Structures Form a Curving Border Around the Corpus Callosum • E.g. Cingulate gyrus & Hippocampus • Involved in Both the Experience and the Expression of Emotions • There Are Other Areas of the Cerebral Cortex Important in the Expression of Emotions

  44. Integrative functions: Memory • Considered a Major Function of the Cerebral Cortex • Involves Many Areas of the Cerebral Cortex • Also Appears to Involve the Limbic System

  45. Memory Formation

  46. Memory Involves Many Brain Areas • Most activities involve multiple brain areas • Consider hearing and then repeating words: impulses start in the ear and end in the precentral gyrus

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