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Module 22

Module 22. Thinking. Human Intuition - What are the limits?. A man bought a horse for $60 and sold it for $70. Then he bought the same horse back for $80 and again sold it for $90. How much money did he make in the horse business?. Concepts.

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Module 22

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  1. Module 22 Thinking

  2. Human Intuition - What are the limits? A man bought a horse for $60 and sold it for $70. Then he bought the same horse back for $80 and again sold it for $90. How much money did he make in the horse business?

  3. Concepts • Mental groupings of similar objects, events, and people • Example: Plants Prototypes mental images that incorporate all the features we associate with a category, such as “trees” and “elephants.” Animals

  4. Student Project, Prototypes • Go to this web site: • http://coglab.psych.purdue.edu/coglab/prototypes/PT.html • Try the experiment – move all the rings to another stick without ever placing a large ring on top of a smaller ring. • Look up information about the Tower of Hanoi. • Write up the results of your experiments. What does it reveal about concepts and prototypes? How does this relate to psychology?

  5. When our Prototypes don’t Match what we’re Experiencing, we could: ..overlook a serious illness because the symptoms do not match our prototype. Example: A woman having a heart attack does not necessarily have chest pains.

  6. Solving Problems algorithm - a methodical, logical rule or procedure that guarantees solving a particular problem

  7. Solving Problems Heuristic - a rule-of-thumb strategy It allows us to make judgments, decisions, and to solve problems quickly, but it may have errors.

  8. Solving Problems insight - a sudden flash of inspiration or knowledge

  9. Think of a person you like and a person you dislike. Spend ten minutes writing a description of those people - include their habits, beliefs, ways of treating others, reliability, etc. Now, count the number of constructs you have used for each to measure your cognitive complexity. When you are done, go to the next slide. Cognitive Complexity - how simple or complex a person’s system of cognitive constructs is.

  10. Cognitive Complexity - Refers to how simple or complex a person’s system of cognitive constructs is. Research suggests a person with more constructs: • is more persuasive • can match their arguments to their audience • is better able to deal with ambiguity • is less anxious when confronted with the unexpected

  11. Obstacles to Problem Solving Confirmation bias We seek knowledge that will confirm rather than disprove our beliefs. Imagine that you serve on the jury of an only-child sole custody case following a relatively messy divorce. The facts of the case are complicated by ambiguous economic, social, and emotional considerations, and you decide to base your decision entirely on the following few observations. To which parent would you award sole custody of the child?

  12. Obstacles to Problem Solving - Confirmation Bias Parent A - has an average income, average health, average working hours, a reasonable rapport with the child, and a relatively stable social life. Parent B - has an above-average income, minor health problems, lots of work related travel, a very close relationship with the child, and an extremely active social life.

  13. Obstacles to Problem Solving Now answer these questions: • To which parent would you grant custody? • Now go back and read about the two parents again, this time decide which parent you would deny custody to. • Have you selected the same parent both times? Most people do. • To what do you attribute this?

  14. Obstacles to Problem Solving • Fixation - inability to see a problem from a fresh perspective - increases under stress.

  15. Obstacles to Problem Solving • Functional fixedness • inability to utilize objects in a new way

  16. Making Decisions and Forming Judgments Representativeness Heuristic Judging how likely something will represent a particular prototype. Is it more dangerous to fly in a plane or to drive a car?

  17. Making Decisions and Forming Judgments The Availability Heuristic Operates when we estimate the likelihood of events based on our memory.

  18. OverconfidenceWe have a tendency to overestimate the accuracy of our knowledge and judgments Examples: Hitler invaded Russia Bush invaded Iraq The Vietnam war However, overconfident people are happier and make decisions more easily.

  19. Framing DecisionsThe way an issue is presented can affect our decisions One surgeon says you have a 10% chance of dying if you have the operation, the other says you have a 90% chance of complete recovery with the surgery. Does the “frame” make a difference in your decision? Can you think of other “frames” that may change your decisions?

  20. The Belief Perseverance Phenomenon abortion issue We can cling to our beliefs, even in the face of contrary evidence. People on different sides of an issue will look at two studies with opposite results and focus only on the one that confirms their original belief. political parties capital punishment religion • gender

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