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Welcome to Week 3

Welcome to Week 3. Critical Discourse Analysis. Critical Discourse A nalysis. Three schools of thought on discourse analysis:. Linguistics, or Critical Linguistics (CL) Social science, or Conversation Analysis (CA) Critical Discourse Analysis (CDA). Truth is a philosophic construct.

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Welcome to Week 3

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  1. Welcome to Week 3 Critical Discourse Analysis

  2. Critical Discourse Analysis

  3. Three schools of thought on discourse analysis: • Linguistics, or Critical Linguistics (CL) • Social science, or Conversation Analysis (CA) • Critical Discourse Analysis (CDA)

  4. Truth is a philosophic construct...

  5. Wag the Dog

  6. 'My role (…..) is to show people that they are much freer than they feel, that people accept as truth, as evidence, some themes which have been built up at a certain moment during history, and that this so-called evidence can be criticized and destroyed.‘ (Foucault 1988, cited by Martin and Hutton, 1998).

  7. multiple socio-historically located “truths”

  8. multiple: there is more than one truth. • socio – the truth will depend on the social space, the community and/or its own discourse • historically - the truth will depend on the time, the point in history - each time has its own epistemes, and these change

  9. A whip….possible contexts • punishment (still used today in some countries) • oppression, as in slavery • horse, horsemanship (and farming) • horse racing – the debate to whip or not to whip • whip-cracking (a sport) • circus – lion-taming • B & D, (bondage & discipline) or S & M (sadism & masochism) or any of the B/D,Ds combinations of erotic power role play

  10. “small scale linguistic choices result in particular messages for the text as a whole” (Mills, p. 131) .

  11. The word ‘gay’……

  12. xxxxx, however, did not go back to the old quiet days with Jimmy. The days that immediately followed the going of the Carews were quiet, certainly, but they were not passed "with Jimmy." Jimmy rarely came near the house now, and when he did call, he was not the old Jimmy that she used to know. He was moody, restless, and silent, or else very gay and talkative in a nervous fashion that was most puzzling and annoying. Before long, too, he himself went to Boston; and then of course she did not see him at all.Xxxxx was surprised then to see how much she missed him. Even to know that he was in town, and that there was a chance that he might come over, was better than the dreary emptiness of certain absence; and even his puzzling moods of alternating gloominess and gayety were preferable to this utter silence of nothingness. Then, one day, suddenly she pulled herself up with hot cheeks and shamed eyes."Well, Xxxx,," she upbraided herself sharply, "one would think you were in love with Jimmy Bean Pendleton! Can't you think of anything but him?"Whereupon, forthwith, she bestirred herself to be very gay and lively indeed, and to put this Jimmy Bean Pendleton out of her thoughts.

  13. Gay…. meaning of ‘gay’ as a (usually male) homosexual only became very common, and fully accepted, from about 1970 Why? How?

  14. Libera

  15. How “gay” was this guy?http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=dioRwB4RvrQ&feature=related

  16. 1957 Liberace sued (took a case to court)against the London Daily Mirror (for $22m) & the US Confidential(for $25m )for defamation, claiming that by describing him as "fruit-flavoured" they had insinuated he was homosexual.

  17. Actual quote: "…the summit of sex—the pinnacle of masculine, feminine, and neuter. Everything that he, she, and it can ever want… a deadly, winking, sniggering, snuggling, chromium-plated, scent-impregnated, luminous, quivering, giggling, fruit-flavoured, mincing, ice-covered heap of mother love.”--,"

  18. Non-acceptance of homosexuality • Britain: Punishable by jail until 1967 • USA: until 1961 (but in 10 states still a crime until 2003) • France: grounds for being declared insane, until 1986

  19. I'll be seeing youIn every lovely summer's dayIn everything that's light and gayI'll always think of you that way http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=BPM9rDmASEs

  20. by 1970 ‘gay’ meaning ‘homosexual’ had become accepted, through Liberace’s own theme song

  21. gay: another meaning…someone or something a bit uncool

  22. Kia Cochrane, writing in the Guardian, September 2010, http://www.guardian.co.uk/commentisfree/2010/sep/10/the-rise-of-rape-talk

  23. Recap of linguistic techniques • Selection of particular words • Labelling or categorising • Generalisation • Topicalisation(  foregrounding & backgrounding) • Passive voice instead of active verbs

  24. Salisbury, Rhodesia, 1975

  25. According to Trew, the view represented by The Times was based on the conservative ideology that “….Africans have to earn freedom by behaving like whites…”. The Times is implying “that the regimes and their agents [the white Rhodesian government] be put constantly in the role of promoters of progress, law and order...and [are] only killing unarmed people when forced to do so by those people themselves”. (Trew, 1979 p. 106)

  26. “One of the central attributes of the dominant discourse is its power to interpret conditions, issues, and events in favour of the elite. The discourse of the marginalized is seen as a threat to the propaganda effects of the elite. …[discourse allows] the voice of the marginalized legitimate and heard and to take the voice of those in power into question to reveal hidden agendas and motives that serve self-interests, maintain superiority, and ensure others’ subjugation” (Henry and Tator 2002, cited in McGregor 2003)

  27. What was foregrounded by the Herald Sun “ASYLUM seekers are receiving welcome packs of furnishings worth up to $10,000 and food hampers as they wait for their refugee claims to be processed. Beds, fridges, mattresses, couches and items such as alarm clock radios, clothes hangers and containers for biscuits are being bought in a "household goods formation package" that contains more than 60 items.The package includes a television with a minimum screen size of 53cm.”

  28. Which spurred this blog… This week alone, 450 refugees economic migrants have boated into Australia, looking for their packet of free goodies i.e. free: health, dentistry, housing, education, transport (…..) a flood of economic migrants have decided that Australia is their land of milk and honey. A recent report by the Australian Department of Immigration shows that 95% of 'refugees' are still on welfare 5 years after being in the country. That's how successful they are at integrating and not WORKING for their candy. Today we hear that this insane government are supplying these so-called asylum seekers with free goodies to help them set up their first home. Bugger the tax payers, the pensioners, the homeless, the poor - no, we need to pay for illegal immigrants to settle into Australian life.

  29. What was backgrounded by the Herald Sun "People do not get to keep the goods. They remain in a house when a family moves out and are used by the next people who move in," he said."These people are not allowed to work."The Red Cross provides the packages."They are basic supplies. We are not talking about luxury here," the Red Cross's spokesman, Michael Raper, said.

  30. Truth is a philosophic construct.

  31. Conclusions • Language, and linguistic structures, are used to interpret the same discoursein a different perspective, in order to manipulate the reader. • An opinion or interpretation may be manifested through selection of words, categorization, generalization, and arrangement of words and phrasesetc, both in the text as a whole and within the actual sentences. • An opinion or interpretation may also be manifested through different modes of communication: images, sound, music and voice – later lectures will deal with these modes.

  32. Reference List Cockrane, K., 2010, The Guardian, 10 September 2010, <http://www.guardian.co.uk/commentisfree/2010/sep/10/the-rise-of-rape-talk> viewed 28 July 2010 Martin, L and Hutton, P (eds.), 1998, Technologies of the Self: A Seminar with Michel Foucault, University of Massachusetts Press McGregor, S, Critical Discourse Analysis – A Primer, 2003, <http://www.Kon.org/archives/forum/15-1/mcgregorcda.html> Mills, S., Discourse, the New Critical Idiom, 2004, Routledge Porter, E., 1913, Pollyanna Simpson,P and Mayr, A, 2010, Language and Power, A resource book for students, Routledge Trew, T., 1979, “Theory and Ideology at Work”, in Language and Control, edited by Fowler, R’, Hodge, B., Kress, G., and Trew, T, Routledge &Kegan Paul.

  33. For International Students: • Write six sentences in your own words summarising ideas from today’s lecture. • Take them to one of the Academic Writing classes from 5.30pm onwards tonight, in Prince Centre 219, ……………….. or tomorrow night in BB 216. The tutor will correct them with you.

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