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Chapter 18 Part 3

Chapter 18 Part 3. The Enlightenment. Women in the Enlightenment. Women played a major role in the Salon Movement Many of the best and brightest of the Enlightenment assembled in salons to discuss major issues of the day

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Chapter 18 Part 3

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  1. Chapter 18Part 3 The Enlightenment

  2. Women in the Enlightenment Women played a major role in the Salon Movement Many of the best and brightest of the Enlightenment assembled in salons to discuss major issues of the day Hosted by wealthy women who sometimes took part in discussions AND were patrons as well:

  3. Women in the Enlightenment Madame de Geoffren: A big patron of Diderot’s Encyclopedia Louise de Warens: Hostess and patron Mary Wollestoncraft: (England) promoted political and educational equality for women

  4. Women The Philosophes favored increased rights and education for women

  5. The Later EnlightenmentLate 18th Century Became more skeptical Baron Paul d’Holbach:System of Nature Argued that humans were like machines Our behavior, beliefs were completely determined by outside forces Philosophy: Determinism He was an atheist (undermined the Enlightenment)

  6. David Hume 1711-1776 Also undermined the Enlightenment’s emphasis on Reason Argued against faith in both natural law AND faith (religious) Claimed that human ideas were merely the result of sensory experience and so…human reason could not go beyond what was experienced through the senses

  7. Jean de Condorcet 1743-1794 Progress of the Human Mind Identified 9 stages of human progress that had already occurred and predicted that the 10th stage would bring perfection His utopian ideas undermined the legitimacy of the Enlightenment

  8. Rousseau Attacked rationalism and civilization as destroying rather than liberating the individual The Father of Romantic Movement which celebrated emotion, instinct…nature (but not natural law or reason)

  9. Immanuel Kant 1724-1804 The greatest German philosopher of the Enlightenment Separated science and morality into two separate branches Science could describe nature but could not provide a guide for morality (limits to science)

  10. Immanuel Kant The Categorical Imperative: was an intuitive instinct placed by God in the human conscience Believed that both ethical sense and aesthetic appreciation in human beings were beyond the knowledge of science Reason is just a function of the mind having no content in and of itself

  11. Classical Liberalism The political outgrowth of the Enlightenment Belief in liberty of the individual and equality before the law BUT NOT DEMOCRACY “Natural Rights” philosophy played a profound role in the American and French Revolutions

  12. Classical Liberalism Impact of Locke and Montesquieu was obvious in the American Constitution and the French Declaration of the Rights of Man Rousseau’s “General Will” influenced the French Revolution after 1791 (the Reign of Terror)

  13. Classical Liberalism Belief in laissez-faire capitalism (Adam Smith) Government should not interfere in the economy Opposite of Mercantilism (Hobbes)

  14. Classical Liberalism Belief in progress through reason and education Progress: human dignity and happiness (Declaration of Independence: Pursuit of Happiness)

  15. Classical Liberalism Religious toleration Freedom of speech and the press Just punishments for crimes Equality before the law

  16. Reaction to Rational Religion German Pietism: argued for spiritual conversion, personal religious experience…back to faith Methodism: taught that humans needed spiritual regeneration and that a moral life would demonstrate that one was “Born Again” Founder: John Wesley

  17. Religious Reaction to the Enlightenment New Christian groups opposed the Enlightenment Fear that spirituality was on the decline due to the teaching of secular and deist views Wanted to recapture spiritual and emotional zeal

  18. Reaction to Rational Religion Jansenism: (Catholic sect in France who had incorporated predestination into their beliefs…had been persecuted by Louis XIV) Argued against the idea of an uninvolved and impersonal God In the U.S.: The Second Great Awakening

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