Matter and Energy

1. Matter and Energy In Ecosystems

2. 3 Ecosystem Necessities • Recycling of Matter (nutrient cycles). • Flow of Energy (food chain). • Gravity (keeps everything here).

3. Matter • Anything that has mass and takes up space. • Examples: solids (nutrients), liquids, gases.

4. Energy • The ability to do work. • Potential energy- stored energy. Ex. food, gasoline.

5. Kinetic energy- movement. Ex. exercise, a car rolling.

6. High quality energy • Organized, concentrated. • Ex. Petroleum, electricity, nuclear fission, food.

7. Low quality energy • Disorganized, not concentrated. • Ex. Low temperature heat, dispersed geothermal energy.

8. Laws of Thermodynamics 1st law- conservation of energy. Energy input always equals energy output.

9. 2nd law- energy degrades as it is changed from one form to another.

10. Energy Chain fuelheatsteamkinetic energyelectricity falling waterkinetic energyelectricitylightheat windkinetic energyelectricitylightheat sunlightplant tissuekinetic energyheat

11. Energy In Ecosystems

12. Energy in Ecosystems • Food Chains- show the movement of energy from one feeding level (trophic level) to the next.

13. Food Web- interlocked food chains.

14. Trophic levels • Producers- harness energy from the sun to produce their own food. Ex. plants, phytoplankton.

15. Primary consumers- eat producers harnessing their energy (biomass). Herbivores.

16. Secondary consumers- eat primary consumers. Primary carnivores.

17. Tertiary consumers- eat secondary consumers. Secondary carnivores.

18. Decomposers- break down dead matter and waste from the other levels. Bacteria and fungi.

19. Ecological Pyramids • Pyramid of numbers- counting the number of organisms at each trophic level to yield information about the ecosystem.

21. Pyramid of biomass- measures the dried weight of all organisms at each trophic level.

23. Pyramid of energy flow- measures the amount of usable energy at each trophic level.

25. 10% Rule Only 10% of the biomass at one level is available to the next level. 90% is used for energy, to build more biomass, or is lost as waste.

26. Ecosystem Productivity

27. Gross Primary Productivity • Rate at which producers capture and store energy as biomass.

28. Net primary productivity • Gross productivity minus the rate at which biomass energy is used during aerobic respiration. • Income available to other trophic levels.

29. High production ecosystems • Marshes • Swamps • Estuaries • Trop. Rain Forest

30. Low productivity ecosystem • Open ocean • Tundra • Deserts

31. Matter in Ecosystems

32. Biogeochemical Cycles • Show the movement of nutrients through the biotic and abiotic components of an ecosystem.

33. Gaseous Cycle • Nutrient time predominates in the atmosphere • Ex. Hydrological, carbon, nitrogen, etc.

34. Sedimentary cycle • Nutrient time predominates in rock. • Ex. Phosphorus, sulfur.

35. Law of the Conservation of Matter • Matter cannot be destroyed, only rearranged.

36. High Quality Matter • Concentrated and refined. • Ex. Aluminum can, gasoline.

37. Low Quality Matter • Disorganized, unconcentrated. • Ex. Aluminum ore, crude oil.

38. Organic compounds • Contain carbon and hydrogen and form living tissue. • CHONPS- most common atoms in life (macronutrients).

39. Inorganic Compounds • Do not contain C and H bonded. Make up non-living matter.

40. Carbon Cycle • Process driven (photosynthesis and cellular respiration). • Gaseous cycle.

41. Importance of Carbon • Is a key component of organic molecules. • Is an ingredient of photosynthesis. • Is part of the greenhouse layer.

42. Human caused problems • Burning fossil fuels releases stored carbon gases increasing the greenhouse effect.

44. Nitrogen Cycle • Process driven (decomposition, nitrification, denitrif., ammonification). • Gaseous cycle.

45. Importance of nitrogen • Important molecular component (DNA and RNA). • Important for plant growth.

46. Human caused problems • Burning fossil fuels releases nitrogen gases which can become acid rain… also a green house gas.

47. Nitrogen fertilizer runoff can cause fish kills.

49. Phosphorus cycle • Process driven (weathering, decomposition). • Sedimentary Cycle.

50. Importance of Phosphorus • Important cellular component (DNA and RNA). • Plant growth and development.