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PATENTS ON SEXING SPERM  More than 10 patents

PATENTS ON SEXING SPERM  More than 10 patents  Most procedures no more efficacious than folk methods 2+ millennia ago. BELTSVILLE SPERM SEXING TECHNOLOGY  Patent holder: USDA  Inventor: Lawrence Johnson  Non-human sperm – exclusive license to XY, Inc.

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PATENTS ON SEXING SPERM  More than 10 patents

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  1. PATENTS ON SEXING SPERM  More than 10 patents  Most procedures no more efficacious than folk methods 2+ millennia ago

  2. BELTSVILLE SPERM SEXING TECHNOLOGY  Patent holder: USDA  Inventor: Lawrence Johnson  Non-human sperm – exclusive license to XY, Inc.  Human sperm – exclusive license to Genetics and IVF

  3. Problem – sperm are paddle-shaped Accurate measurement – flat orientation to laser Flattened needle – ribbon of fluid

  4. Discard non-viable sperm Discard poorly-oriented sperm Discard sperm that overlap in DNA fluorescence Discard drops that contain X and Y sperm

  5. SORT RATES – LIVE X-SPERM90% ACCURACY Median 20 x 106/hr Maximum 35 x 106/hr

  6. SPERM INSULTS  Waiting to be sorted  High concentration H33342  High laser power  Exit at 80 km/hour  Very high dilution  Centrifuge to concentrate  Cryopreservation

  7. SEMEN FROZEN IN HOMOGENIZED MILK, ET SHEATHS, BOTH HORNS 2-Mo.Sperm no. (n) Preg. rate (%) LS mean 200,000 152 54 51** 500,000 170 68 66 10,000,000 153 67 64 Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO

  8. Sexed, Frozen Semen Pregnancy Rates – 6 Trials AI into Uterine Body 1 or 1.5 x 106 sexed sperm 98/176, 56% 3 x 106 sexed sperm 88/171, 51% 20 x 106 control sperm 124/183, 68%

  9. Sexed, Frozen Semen Pregnancy Rates – 5 Trials 1 or 1.5 x 106 70/163, 43% sexed sperm, body 1 or 1.5 x 106 85/158, 54% sexed sperm, horn 20 x 106 control 79/128, 62% sperm, body

  10. Timing of AI and Pregnancy Rates, Sexed Sperm 0.5 day 266/586, 45.4% 1.0 day 203/414, 49.0%

  11. Recent Field Trial – Holstein Heifers(3 bulls, 2 inseminators) Treatment No. % pregnant 2 x 106 sperm sexed 179 56% 10 x 106 sperm sexed 180 62% 10 x 106 sperm, control 88 61% Schenk et al., 2005

  12. LACTATING BEEF COWS2-Month Pregnancy Rates No. (%)Treatment No. sperm pregnant Control, frozen 20 x 106 15/21 (71%)a body Sexed, frozen, 3 x 106 23/42 (55%)ab body Sexed, frozen 3 x 106 19/42 (45%)b horns ab P<.05

  13. Lactating Dairy Cows Selected at AI Sperm % % treatment N preg female 2 x 106 sexed 57 37 91 10 x 106 sexed 57 40 95 10 x 106 control 58 53 52 Schenk et al., 2006

  14. SIMILAR FERTILITY Sexed frozen vs unfrozen 1-1.5 vs 3 x 106 sexed, frozen sperm Horn vs body AI – 4 of 5 trials 12 vs 24 h post-estrus AI Among bulls with excellent semen Among well-trained inseminators

  15. Superovulation of Angus Cows and Heifers No. % No. good flushes fertilized embryos 2 x 106 sexed 30 40a 3.3a sperm 10 x 106 sexed 30 49a 4.1a sperm 40 x 106 control 29 69b 8.7b sperm ab P<0.05

  16. Accuracy of Sexing Sperm 89% N = 1,036 calves born

  17. Normality of Calves from Sexed Sperm Sexed Control No.a 1158 787Abortion rate (%) 4.5 5.0Gestation length (3) 279 279Neonatal death (%) 3.5 4.0Calving ease score 1.22 1.23Birth weight (kg) 33.9 34.1Live at weaning (%) 91.7 91.5Weaning weight (kg) 239 241 a N were lower for some responses.

  18. Sex Differences in Calves Male Female Number 695 1,250 Birth weight (kg) 35.2a 32.8b Weaning weight (kg) 247a 234b Calving ease (1-4) 1.30a 1.15b Gestation length (d) 279.6 a 278.4b Death of calves (%) 8.9 7.8 ab P<0.01

  19. CURRENT DAIRY CATTLE BREEDING Objective Product Herd replacements -- 40% females (ideal)breed 80% of herd 40% males (by-product)with dairy semen Meat production -- 10% females (by-product)breed 20% of herd 10% males (ideal)with beef semen

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