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The Cotonou Agreement. Signed in 2000 for a period of 20 yearsdesigned to establish a comprehensive partnership, based on three complementary pillars: (i) development cooperation; (ii) economic and trade cooperation, and (iii) the political dimension. huge step forward in ACP-EU and North-South re
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1. The Cotonou Agreement Brussels 2009
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2. The Cotonou Agreement Signed in 2000 for a period of 20 years
designed to establish a comprehensive partnership, based on three complementary pillars: (i) development cooperation; (ii) economic and trade cooperation, and (iii) the political dimension.
huge step forward in ACP-EU and North-South relations. It is framing the relations with the biggest development grouping in the world. It is setting an innovative agenda in terms of political dialogue, non-state actors participation, trade and development and performance based management.
3. Historical background The notion of "ACP States" goes back to the "ACP Group of States", formally established in 1975 with the Georgetown Agreement (46 ACPs). Today, the ACP Group of States counts 79 countries, 78 of them signatories of the Cotonou-Agreement (with Cuba being the exception).
The special status of the ACP countries has to be seen in the context of colonisation. Initially, the EC Treaty provided for a special association of the overseas countries and territories which still belonged to some of the MS at that time (mostly to FR), but not for development cooperation.
More structured approach after decolonisation with the successive Yaoundé Conventions (1963 – 1975: EEC plus 18 African States); and from 1975 until 2000 the Lomé Conventions (Lomé I – Lomé IV bis; 46 states, incl former British colonies).
Conclusion of the Cotonou Agreement in 2000 (78 ACP States).
4. The Cotonou Agreement objectives and principles Objectives:
The partnership is centred on the objective of reducing and eventually eradicating poverty consistent with the objectives of sustainable development and the gradual integration of the ACP countries into the world economy (Art. 1 of Cotonou Agreement).
Fundamental principles:
- equality of the partners and ownership of the development strategies;
- participation (central governments as the main partners, partnership open to different kinds of other actors)
- pivotal role of dialogue and the fulfilment of mutual obligations
- differentiation and regionalisation
The actors of the Partnership
- States (authorities and/or organisations of states at local, national and regional level);
- Non-state actors (private sector; economic and social partners, including trade union organisations, civil society in all its forms according to national characteristics).
Institutional set-up: Joint ACP-EC Institutions
5. Cotonou Agreement- Implementation The European Development Fund (EDF) is the main instrument for providing Community assistance for development cooperation under the Cotonou Agreement. The EDF is funded by the EU Member State on the basis of specific contribution keys. Each EDF is concluded for a multi-annual period.
The 10th EDF covers the period from 2008 to 2013 and has been allocated € 22.7 billion; it was established between the EU Member States by Internal Agreement.
The cooperation with the ACP States funded from the EDF is complemented by development cooperation funded from the EC budget, notably through the Development Cooperation Instrument, the Instrument for Stability, the European Instrument for Democracy and Human Rights and the European Humanitarian Aid Instrument.
6. The 1st revision of the Cotonou Agreement Calendar
Negotiations concluded: February 2005
Revision signed: July 2005
Entry into force: July 2008 (27 EU MS + 2/3 ACP)
Today: 5 ACP have not yet deposited ratification instruments
(A&B, Comoros, Nigeria, Sudan + South Africa)
Main changes:
Political dimension
Article 8 dialogue + article 96 (+ Annex VII) consultation process
Article 11/11a/11b: peace, international justice, terrorism, WMD
Development cooperation provisions
Eligibility for financing expanded to local authorities, Parliaments, NSA and non-ACP States participating in regional organisations with ACP (Art. 58 + annex IV, art. 4/15)
Increased flexibility to increase allocations in case of special needs (Annex IV, art. 3.5) and to take over role of NAO in crisis situations (Annex IV, art. 4.5)
More strategic role for the NAO (Annex IV, art. 35)
Slight broadening of scope of Investment Facility (Annex II)
7. The 2nd revision of the Cotonou Agreement Calendar:
Commission proposal for a negotiation mandate (adopted in February ’09 by Council);
Notification by ACP and EC side before 1st of March 2009;
May 2009: official start of negotiations;
Conclusion negotiations: < 28.02.2010
Ratification: +/- 18-24 months after signature
8. The 2nd revision of the Cotonou Agreement Trends towards regionalisation
Regional integration and trade cooperation
EPA
regional cooperation with non-ACP
EU-Africa strategic partnership
Pacific and Caribbean strategies
? principles of reciprocity and proportionality
? increased differentiation vs ACP unity
Political dimension
security & development
governance
situations of fragility (art 72-73)
migration
9. The 2nd revision of the Cotonou Agreement European consensus
MDGs
cross-cutting issues (human rights, gender, environment, HIV/Aids)
Aid effectiveness
explicit reference to the 5 pillars: ownership, alignment, donor coordination, management for results, mutual accountability
joint programming and division of labour
update of conditions for granting budget support
untying of aid
participatory approaches, enhanced role Parliaments
Policy coherence for development
domestic policy coherence ACP (in political dialogue) (art 8.3)
importance of policies other than development (art 12)
10. The 2nd revision of the Cotonou Agreement ACP side:
notified three big themes for review:
- political dimension and sectoral policies;
- regional integration and trade;
- development finance cooperation.
- Concerns about the future of the partnership and the unity of the ACP
budgetisation
regional cooperation with non-ACP
Concerns about the implementation of the political dialogue