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Introduction to Infrastructure : An Introduction to Civil and Environmental Engineering

Introduction to Infrastructure : An Introduction to Civil and Environmental Engineering. Chapter 4: Transportation Infrastructure. Overview. Roads Mass Transit Waterways Tunnels ASCE Grades. Roads. Roads: Categories. Roads: Street Design. Crowning

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Introduction to Infrastructure : An Introduction to Civil and Environmental Engineering

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  1. Introduction to Infrastructure:An Introduction to Civil andEnvironmental Engineering Chapter 4: Transportation Infrastructure

  2. Overview • Roads • Mass Transit • Waterways • Tunnels • ASCE Grades

  3. Roads

  4. Roads: Categories

  5. Roads: Street Design • Crowning • Streets are constructed with a side slope, usually 2% (2 inches per 100 inches). • Prevents accumulation of water and Ice

  6. Roads: Street Design • Cross Section • A vertical “slice” of the street

  7. Roads: Street Design • Vertical alignment • Side-view or profile view of the road.

  8. Roads: Street Design • Horizontal alignment • Plan view of the road

  9. Roads: Construction • Material • Asphalt vs. Concrete • Granular Subgrade • Curves • Must not be too tight for vehicle speed

  10. Roads: Intersections • Design depends on vehicles • Intersections • Interchanges • Roundabouts

  11. Roads: Intersections • Conflict Points • Vehicle paths diverge, merge, or cross • Typical intersection has 32

  12. Mass Transit

  13. Mass Transit • Includes buses, trolleys, ferries, and rail • Only 5% of Americans use mass transit • Decrease in ridership decreases revenue • Decrease in revenue creates problems in sustaining the systems

  14. Mass Transit: Rail • 3 types of transit rail • Light Rail • Low speed street cars and trams (Houston Metro) • Heavy Rail • Higher speed, higher volume (NY Subway) • Commuter Rail • High speed, high volume rail between adjacent cities.

  15. Rail: Shanghai Maglev Train

  16. Rail: Shanghai Maglev Train • Background • China experienced rapid economic growth in the 21st century • Greater demand for high speed passenger transportation resulted. • 1999- Discussion of the feasibility of a Shanghai high speed rail began • Advantages like no contact, high speed, low energy consumption, and less environmental impact led to the approval of the project. • Train carries 574 and travels up to 505 km/hr

  17. Rail: Shanghai Maglev Train • Maglev: Electromagnetic levitation • Electromagnetic field generated through the excitation of on board magnets and guideway magnets. • Magnets then attract each other, pulling the train upward. • Levitation gap stability controlled by current.

  18. Rail: Shanghai Maglev Train • Suspension: • Approx. 15mm (.59in) • Magnetic attraction varies inversely with the cube of the distance between the magnets. • Slight variations in distance will cause dramatic force changes. • How do we fix it? • Closely monitoring and constantly adjusting the current

  19. Waterways

  20. Waterways • Waterways include rivers, channels, ports, locks, etc… • 12% of domestic and 80% of international goods are transported using waterways • Rivers like the Mississippi, Ohio, and Missouri are called “Working Rivers” • 30,000 miles of navigable waterways • Controlling flows and dredging bottom sediment keep channels open at necessary water depth.

  21. Waterways: Ports • Allows for Intermodal transfer of goods • Standardized containers used • e.g. barge to rail or truck • Approx 150 ports in the U.S. • 3 of which rank in the top 20 worldwide busiest ports • China has more of the largest and busiest ports than any other country.

  22. Waterways: Locks • Permit ship travel around a dam or through a shallow stretch • Gates open or close to control flow and consequently raise or lower a ship • Approx 250 locks in the US. (29 in the Mississippi alone)

  23. Tunnels

  24. Tunnels • Very costly, but very effective. • Used primarily for rail and roadway transportation • Other uses • Water supply conveyance • Hydroelectric power • Utilities • Water storage

  25. Tunnels: The Channel Tunnel • AKA “Chunnel” • Runs between Britain and France • Declared one of the 7 Wonders of the Modern World by ASCE • 30 miles long, 250 feet below sea level

  26. Tunnels: Twin Tunnels • Located in Shanghai, China, under the Yangtze River. • Holds 3 lanes of traffic and one lane of rail • Used the world’s largest tunnel boring machine (50ft diameter)

  27. ASCE Grades • ASCE- American Society of Civil Engineers • The ASCE gives a report card for the infrastructure of the US • Most recent grades range from D- to C+ • Roads: D- • Mass Transit: D • Waterways: D- • Rail: C- • Why are these grades so low?

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