Some estimate that if had 20% strict protected areas could save >80% world’s biodiversity

1. Some estimate that if had 20% strict protected areas could save >80% world’s biodiversity -more than 80% of the world's land will remain outside of protected areas according to even the most optimistic predictions and numerous rare species will occur outside of protected areas -60% of species that are globally rare or listed under ESA are found on private land -human use of these unprotected lands vary and significant portions harbor some of the original biota Figure 18.1

2. 18.1 Landscapes vary in the extent to which humans have altered patterns of species composition and natural vegetation cover

3. Strategies that encourage private landowners and government managers of resource protected areas to protect rare species and communities is essential for conservation Ex Florida panther has ½ land in its range privately owned and 200,000 ha more are needed to ensure survival Instead, paying willing landowners to minimize habitat fragmentation and to maintain forest and swamp habitats. Also have built road underpasses to minimize road kills Exs. Florida panther Figure 18.2 Management of species on military lands like the Hawaiian stilt needs mudflats that are invaded by exotic woody plants. Assault vehicle are used to break up the woody plants invading the mudflats Box 18.1 European NATURA program pays farmers to maintain traditional wildflowers of farmland Figure 18.4 and coffee plantations that cultivate beans in the shade with high biodiversity are subsidized in Latin America Figure 18.5

4. 18.2 The Florida panther is found on both public and private lands in South Florida

5. Box 18.1 The endangered Hawaiian stilt lives on exposed mudflats in Nu’upia Wildlife Mgmt. Area

6. 18.4 Wildflowers of European cultivated fields increase due to less herbicides and fertilizers

7. 18.5 Two types of coffee management systems: (A) Shade coffee (B) Monoculture of sun coffee

8. 18.6 In west, agencies of the U.S. government owns most land and uses ecosystem management

9. Ecosystem Management -discipline that integrates scientific knowledge of ecology with the socio-political values with the goal of protecting native ecosystem integrity over the long term Figure 18.7  Important considerations in ecosystem management: 1) consider connections between all levels and scales in the ecosystem hierarchy 2) insure viable populations of all species and representative examples of biological communities and ecosystems 3) use adaptive management-monitor components of the ecosystem and use results to adjust management Ex. Ft. McCoy tank training 4) cooperation among entities involved--governments, private conservation organizations, business, and individual landowners 5) minimize outside threats to the ecosystem 6) recognize that humans are part of the ecosystem

10. 18.7 Ecosystem management involves linking all of the stakeholders

11. Example of Ecosystem Management Malpai Borderlands Group -partnership between ranchers, government agencies, and the Nature Conservancy using ecosystem management on over 400,000 ha (one million acres) of unique, rugged mountain and desert habitat along the Arizona and New Mexico border -one of the richest biological areas in the USA with Mexican jaguars, 265 species of birds, 90 species of mammals, 19 threatened and endangered species and many rare and endemic species -doing controlled burns, re-introducing native grasses, and avoiding habitat fragmentation

12. 18.8 The Malpai Borderlands Group encourages ecosystem management

13. Bioregional Management -ecosystem management that focuses on a large single ecosystem Examples: • Mediterranean Action Plan Figure 18.9 -21 countries with numerous pnas work together to try and control pollution, which is one of the biggest threats to pnas 2) Management of Pacific Northwest Forests -partnership between states, ranchers, government agencies, and various private organizations -coniferous forest of the Pacific Northwest have at least a few old trees, dead standing trees and fallen trees -conventional logging practice was clearcutting where all living and dead trees of all ages are removed -ecosystem managers use a method called ecological forestry that involves leaving a low density of large live trees, standing dead, and fallen trees Figure 18.10 -less profits for timber companies and environmentalist want to preserve some old growth forest. Compromises will have to be reached.

14. Bioregional Management Examples (cont.) • Africa -many of Africa’s large animals are not in pnas -many new programs are allowing rural communities and private landowners to profit from the presence of these large animals -50 conservancies exist in Namibia protecting 14% of Namibia’s area Figure 18.11 -many of these conservancies are financially benefitting and improving their towns and number of animals is increasing Figure 18.12

15. 18.9 The countries participating in the Mediterranean Action Plan cooperate

16. 18.10(A) Conventional clear-cutting (A) involves removing all trees from an area on a 70-year cycle

17. 18.10(B) Ecological forestry maintains structural diversity of old, standing dead, and fallen trees

18. 18.11 The distribution of community conservancies and state protected lands in Namibia

19. 18.12 Number of animals observed in aerial censuses of the Nyae Nyae Community Conservancy