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Introduction to the Renaissance

Introduction to the Renaissance. Daniel W. Blackmon AP European History Coral Gables Sr. High School. Identifications of the Day. Jacquerie Marsilio of Padua Simony Flagellants Great Schism. Political Characteristics. Communes Republics Despotisms. Communes.

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Introduction to the Renaissance

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  1. Introduction to the Renaissance Daniel W. Blackmon AP European History Coral Gables Sr. High School

  2. Identifications of the Day • Jacquerie • Marsilio of Padua • Simony • Flagellants • Great Schism

  3. Political Characteristics • Communes • Republics • Despotisms

  4. Communes • -association of free men seeking complete political and economic independence from local nobles • Milan, Florence, Genoa, Siena, and Pisa

  5. The Ciompi • 1378 • caused by Black Death, • collapse of the banking houses of Bardi and Peruzzi, and • feuding within city • stability does not return until Cosimo de Medici in 1434

  6. Italian nobility merged with commercial aristocracy • Grandi: old rich, nobles and merchants • Popolo grosso “fat people” nouveau riche merchants, bankers • Popolo minuto “little people”–disenfranchised and heavily taxed • Popolo minuto revolts led to Republican governments in Bologna, Siena, Parma, Florence, Genoa

  7. Despots • Ruled via Condottieri • Visconti 1278 • Sforza 1450 • By 1300, the signori (despots) or oligarchies (the rule of merchant aristocracies) took control

  8. The Five Powers • Milan • Venice • Florence • Papal States • Naples (Two Sicilies)

  9. Duchy of Milan • Controlled by the Visconti family • Gian Galeazzo Visconti 1395 hereditary ducy • the Sforza family • Francesco Sforza r. 1450-1466

  10. Republic of Venice • actually an oligarchy • Council of Ten • Doge

  11. Republic of Florence • Controlled for much of this era by the Medici family • Cosimo de Medici r. 1434-1464 • Piero de Medici r. 1464-1469 • Lorenzo de Medici r. 1469-1492 • Fra Giralomo Savonarola 1452-1498

  12. Dominant Guilds were: • Cloth merchants • Wool merchants • Silk Weavers • Bankers • Notaries • Druggists • Furriers

  13. Other Florentine Guilds: • Innkeeping • Carpentry • Shoemaking • Blacksmiths • Bakers

  14. Florentine Guilds • Twenty-one total guilds • 4,000 members • 100,000 population • The rest are day laborers

  15. Papal States • A political power, especially under activist popes, such as • Alexander VI and his son, Cesare Borgia

  16. Kingdom of the Two Sicilies • Passed to Aragon in 1435, establishing a firm Spanish presence in Italy

  17. 1494: Political Turning Point • Ludovico Sforza invited the French in for help against Florence and Naples • Charles VIII (r. 1483-1498) invaded Italy conquering most of the peninsula • 1508 Louis XII attacked Venice

  18. Italy as a Theater of War • 1522 start of Valois-Hapsburg Wars with Spanish - Imperial forces vs the French • 1527 Rome sacked by Imperial forces

  19. Economic Foundations • Growth of Trade and Finance is fundamental to the Renaissance • A long, slow process

  20. Venice –control of the spice trade • English and Spanish landowners begin to raise sheep for wool, partly because of labor shortages.

  21. Textile industry • Florence • Milan • Venice • Wool • Linen • Silk

  22. Metal and Mining • Metal working: Milan • Mining: extracting silver from lead alloy

  23. Finance • Double entry bookkeeping • Insurance • Book transfer procedures • In Florence, the • Bardi • Peruzzi • Medici

  24. Renaissance Popes • Secular, decadent Popes • Sixtus IV 1471-1484 • Innocent VIII 1484-1492 • Alexander VI 1492-1503 (Borgia) • Pius III 1503

  25. Renaissance Popes • Julius II 1503-1513 • Leo X 1513-1521 • Adrian VI 1522-1523 • Clement VII 1523-1534

  26. Activist Popes • Sixtus IV involved in wars against Florence and Venice and began building the Sistine Chapel • Constant search for new income via new taxes and indulgences

  27. Activist Popes • Alexander VI, the Borgia Pope, renowned for his profligate behavior, his constant search for money, his nepotism. • Son Cesare Borgia sought to unite northern Italy under the Borgia banner • Daughter Lucretia Borgia used as a pawn in their politics • Machiavelli admired Cesare Borgia

  28. Activist Popes • Julius II was militant and aggressive, trying to use the Spanish against the French (the opposite of Borgia policy) and the Swiss against both.

  29. Social • Status of the Artist • Concepts of Education • The Printed Word • Ludovico Sforza • Lorenzo de Medici

  30. Identifications of the Day • Condottieri • Alexander VI • Venice

  31. The Status of the Artist • Concept of the artist as a free intellectual worker • Artists signed their works • Concept of individual genius, exemplified by Leonardo and Michelangelo especially.

  32. Status of the Artist • However, artists required wealthy patrons

  33. Education • Education seen as the key to moral behavior

  34. Baldassare Castiglione 1478-1529 • The Courtier (1528)–courtly ideal of the uomo universale • Knowledge of Greek and Latin, of prose, poetry, music, and painting; of the hunt, wrestling, arms, horsemanship and courage. • Created our concept of “gentleman”

  35. Niccolò Machiavelli (1469-1527) • The Prince (1513) • Creates Political Science as a separate discipline

  36. Machiavelli • Humans are selfish • The test of a good government is whether it is effective • Government divorced from morals or ethics • There is no one permanent social order reflecting God’s will • Politics is governed by its own laws

  37. Johan Gutenburg • Bible 1456 in Mainz • Printing press with movable type • Permits dissemination of new and radical ideas • Accelerates process of literacy among laypeople

  38. Printing and the Vernacular • Seminal works in creating modern language • King James Bible • The Book of Common Prayer • Luther Bible • Luther’s hymns

  39. Printing and Ideas • Printing gives each person access to new ideas and therefore undermined the traditional authority of the Church and other institutions.

  40. Humanism

  41. Humanism • “Man is the Measure of All Things” • Leon Batista Alberti (1404-1474) “Men can do all things if they will.” • Pico della Mirandola“On the Dignity of Man” • Man is made as Adam in the image \of God

  42. Pythagoras • Humanists held the Pythagorean idea that the universe was based on number.

  43. Study of the Classics • Discovery of new manuscripts • Influx of Greek scholars from Constantinople

  44. Study of the Classics • Petrarch: 1304-1374: the sonnet • Lorenzo Valla 1407-1457: Donation of Constantine • Leonardi Bruni 1370-1444: Biography of Marcus Tullius Cicero

  45. Study of the Classics • Marsilio Ficino 1433-1499: Platonic Academy • Pico della Mirandola 1463-1494: Oration on the Dignity of Man • Francesco Guicciardini 1483-1540: secular history

  46. Aesthetic • Classical models: Donatello 1386-1466) St. Mark and St. George • Linear Perspective: Filippo Brunelleschi 1377-1446; Lorenzo Ghiberti 1378-1455 Baptistry Doors

  47. Aesthetics • Perspective in painting: Masaccio 1401-1428, Holy Trinity • Balance and Harmony in architectural design: Leon Battista Alberti 1404-1472 (rounded arches and Classical columns)

  48. Harmony and Balance in Painting • Leonardo 1452-1519: Last Supper • Raphael 1483-1520: School of Athens

  49. Neoplatonism • Sandro Botticelli 1445-1510 • Combines Classical mythology and Christian in allegories • Birth of Venus one of the first formal nudes since antiquity

  50. Michelangelo • Platonic “Theory of Forms” • The sculptor releases the ideal Form locked in the stone • David • Pieta

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