Industrialization and Labor

1. Industrialization and Labor Nick Barber, Matt Baumgardner, Kyle Purchase

2. 1790-1860

3. People Whitney Eli Whitney Cyrus McCormick John Deere Samuel F.B. Morse Samuel Slater Morse

4. Inventions 1790 – Samuel Slater brings first factory to Americac through memory. Creates Textile Industry In U.S. and begins Industrial Revolution 1793 – Eli Whitney Invents the Cotton Gin. Increased profit from southern industries and revives slavery. 1798 – Eli Whitney introduces Interchangeable Parts. Products are made quicker and fixed more easily. 1808 – Robert Fulton invents the Steamboat. Trade on rivers is easier especially against a tide. Transportation of goods improved. 1825 – Erie Canal Opens. Made the country more interdependent. Raw materials of the west were easily transported to factories in the east. 1830 – Baltimore & Ohio Railroad opens. Connects 13 states. First railroad in U.S. 1834 – Cyrus McCormick Invents the Reaper. Increased productivity on farms. 1837 – John Deere Invents Steel Tipped Plow. Allowed for better farming in the west and cultivating the thick earth. 1844- Saumel Morse Invents Telegraph. Spread business across the whole country. 1846 – Elias Howe Invents the Sewing Machine. Not the first, but the most efficient for industries. 1859 – Edwin L. Drake Drills first Oil Well. Started the oil industry by inventing his drill

5. Practices Slavery – The basis of American labor in the south. Slavery was given new life after the invention of the Cotton Gin but couldn’t compare to the amount of production that factories were capable of Indentured Servants – Criminals and vagabonds were contracted into indentured servitude for a set number of years liable to change. There were two benefits to this system. One was to provide labor for their master and the other was to prepare them for a life when their contract was finished. Some Servants could be have their contract extended due to infractions and behvior

6. Business Joint-Stock Companies and Jamestown (1607) – Our country was arguably built on the joint-stock companies of England. The first sent over to America failed, but it’s the business that carried over as well. Buyers would pool their money for a large total with hopes of producing even larger profits. Lowell, MA (1830’s) – The seemingly pleasant textile factory lured women in from across the country and they ultimately suffered through terrible and unhealthy working conditions. The production was unmatched, but it was also one of the first times workers looked for better conditions.

7. Supreme Court Cases Dartmouth V. Woodward – Contracts and Charters cannot be altered unless it is stated in the contract regardless of its origins. Charles River Bridge V. Warren River Bridge – No one company can hold exclusive rights to an area. Basically, no monopolies.

8. 1860-1920 Kyle Purchase

9. Industrialization Railroads – Became a major use to transport materials and soldiers during and after the Civil War. Telephone – Invented by Alexander Graham Bell, the telephone was the first major invention to be able to call someone from a long distance. Electric lights – Edison’s most famous invention, the light bulb was the first step to household electricity and modern cities Trusts– Headed by Carnegie, Rockefeller and Ford, these organizations become battleground pitting workers and progressives against CEO’s and conservatives Brooklyn Bridge – Became an American icon and also a change in architecture. Skyscraper – Also an change in architecture, they was the first to use steel girders. (Home Life Insurance Building) Sherman Anti-Trust Act – Federal government is allowed to pursue any company suspected of violating trusts. Limited monopolies and cartels. Pullman Car – Became the 1st luxury car that passengers could dine in. Wright Brothers – Achieved their fist flight in Kitty Hawk in 1903 and marked a significant event in the aviation industry. The Jungle/Progressives – The Jungle showed the horrors of Chicago meat packing, while Ida Tarbell and other muckrakers exploited corruption in cities and companies. Panama Canal – Connected the Atlantic Ocean to the Pacific Ocean, which made it easier for ships to attend to emergencies such as surprise attacks or war.

10. Labor (Movements/Groups) Pinkertons – Were hired by businessmen to keep strikers out of factories and intimidate workers. Knights of Labor - Knights promoted better working conditions and demanded the eight-hour work day. AFL (American Federation of Labor) – Successful at raising wages and causing strikes, formed by skilled craftsmen (carpenters). Yellow dog contract - Agreement between an employer and an employee in which the employee agrees, as a condition of employment, not to be a member of a labor union. Wobblies/Socialists – Advocate rights of workers and demand immediate change

11. Supreme Court Cases Munn v. Illinois (1877) – The Munn case allowed states to regulate certain businesses within their borders, including railroads, and is commonly regarded as a milestone in the growth of federal government regulation. Lochner v. New York (1905) - Held a "liberty of contract" was implicit in the due process clause of the Fourteenth Amendment.

12. 1920-Present Day

13. Inventions Commercial production of radio, TV, mass media technology explodes Computer chip revolutionizes industry, daily lives Cotton picker further mechanizes farming Hoover Dam, Empire State building revolutionize construction

14. Major Changes In Industry Nation mobilizes for World War Two; Ford and others produce record levels of arms Industry reaches its peak in the 1950s, slowly declines thereafter American industry begins to outsource Use of the “trust,” declines; multi-national corporations rise

15. Labor African-Americans and women move into the workforce Fair Labor Standards Act of 1938, National Labor Relations Board Established AFL-CIO Organized Union membership reaches its peak in 1950s, declines up until present day

16. Trends Through History Labor evolves into multiethnic, cooperative effort between employer and employee, person and machine Industry takes America from a a yeoman farmer’s frontier land to the top economic superpower in the world American ingenuity creates the modern world, thanks to men like Ford, Whitney, Mellon, Carnegie, and Rockefeller