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Industrialization and Reform

Industrialization and Reform. Kids at the Oneida Community Dancing . Economic Transformation. Agriculture to Manufacturing 1820: 80% are farmers 1850: 55% are farmers. Manufacturing = 1/3 rd of all production Rising Consumption Fuels Demand Cash crop production pays for new goods

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Industrialization and Reform

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  1. Industrialization and Reform • Kids at the Oneida Community Dancing

  2. Economic Transformation • Agriculture to Manufacturing • 1820: 80% are farmers • 1850: 55% are farmers. Manufacturing = 1/3rd of all production • Rising Consumption Fuels Demand • Cash crop production pays for new goods • This demand motivates creating cheaper transportation • Roads • Canals • Trains

  3. The National Road

  4. The Transportation Revolution Begins (1825-40) • Water transport is cheaper • Canals boom 1825-40: 3000 miles • This begins in 1825 with the Erie Canal • Joint Public/Private venture • 325 miles long • 10 times cheaper transport!

  5. The Erie Canal (1825)

  6. Trains • Invented for mines • Requires iron boom • 3000 miles by 1840 • States aid rise of rail • Facilitates regional unity

  7. Political Support • Public/Private ventures fuel Transport Boom • Gibbons v. Ogden (1824) • Overthrows a steamboat monopoly in NY • Only Federal Government can regulate interstate transit and commerce!

  8. Urbanization: Big Picture • 1790 • 1 in 20 in 2,500 or more • Philadelphia: 40,000 • 1850 • 1 in 7 in 2,500 or more • 10 cities of 50,000+ • NYC = over 800,000 • Most cities in North

  9. Urbanization: Transport • Cities are too big to walk around now • New Urban Transport • omnibuses (horse-drawn) • steam ferries • commuter rail • City districts take on distinct purposes • Population outraces new housing, creating slums.

  10. City Types • Ports – NYC, Boston, Philadelphia, New Orleans • Interior Transport Hubs—Cleveland, Chicago, Saint Louis • Industrial Cities • New England • Immigrants dominate the population

  11. Immigration • Upheavals in Europe drive immigration of Germans and Irish • They compete with former artisans for city jobs.

  12. The Industrial Revolution Begins • Slavery and war drive enhanced wealth + demand for goods • Artisans can't keep up with demand • At first, farmers do part-time craft work • New machines begin to replace artisan labor • Spinning Jenny (Thread) • Mechanical Looms (Cloth)

  13. Labor Problems • How do you get factory workers? • Rhode Island System (farms + factory work) • Waltham System (hire young women who need money and can't get married) • The Irish (will do anything to avoid starving)

  14. The Cotton Gin • Eli Whitney invents it in 1793 • Goal is to speed raw cotton processing • Cotton production now BOOMS.

  15. The Steam Engine • Invented by James Watt in 1763-75 • Enabled replacing muscle power with machine power • Coal powered

  16. Machines can make other machines! Replaceable Parts • Eli Whitney invents in early 1800s for guns • Allows standard parts • This eases repair and construction

  17. The Rise of Class: The Rise of Elites • Colonial Elites based on land • Strongly Rural • Industrial Elites based on owning means of industrial production • Strongly URBAN

  18. The Rise of Class:The Making of the Middle Class • Professionals, Small Businessmen, Middle Managers • Evangelical in Religion • They reject Alcohol consumption • Women are expected to stay home and raise kids (Cult of Domesticity) • They can afford to do this.

  19. The Working Classes • Those who must work for wages • Day labor on farms • Factory workers • Many are ex-Artisans, replaced by machines • They form the first unions • Often hostile to Immigrants

  20. Evangelical Reform • Fix society by eliminating sin! • Keep the Sabbath holy (and not fun) • Bible societies and Sunday Schools • Eliminate Alcohol! • Run by interlocking societies (The Benevolent Empire)

  21. Reverend Lyman Beecher • Congregationalist Preacher • Leader of the Sabbatarian movement

  22. A Middle Class movement Temperance Reform • 1826: 7.1 gallons of pure alcohol/adult/year!!! • American Temperance Society is formed

  23. Failures Most Americans still drink a lot Angers Working Class Temperance • Successes by 1851 • Many dry counties • Down to 1.9 gallons/ adult/ year

  24. Crusading Women • MC women go out to reform the world, despite gender rules of the time. • Auxillaries → founding their own groups • Rising Militancy • American Female Moral Reform Society • Many states ban adultery and abandonment

  25. Backlash Against Evanglical Reform • Catholics dislike it due to old feuds • WC resents bosses trying to control their homelife • Some men complain women have taken over the churches

  26. Joseph Smith • NY Farmer • Claims to find a new revelation from God, the Book of Mormon • Founds a new Religion

  27. Mormonism / The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-Day Saints • Condemns other churches as evil • Male authority is supreme • Polygamy practiced by older men • They live communally • Heavily persecuted • They flee to Utah.

  28. The Enlightenment Impulse: School Reform • School Reform • Starts in Massachusetts (1837) • Six years of State-funded education for all • Much more common in North than South • By 1860, 50% of Whites are literate

  29. The Enlightenment Impulse:Places of Confinement • Goal: Micro-Society changes your bad behavior • Types • Prison (Criminals) • Insane Asylum (Insane) • Workhouse (Poor) • Limited success in goals due to bad design

  30. Utopians: The Shakers • Mystic Group Dancers • Celibate • Communal Property • 6000 at height • Economically Successful

  31. Utopians: The Oneida Community (1847-79) • John Noyes--Founder • Common Property • Group Marriage (everyone adult!) • Effort at Gender Equality

  32. Owen's vision of the town (the plan) Utopian Experiments: Socialism • New Harmony (1825-9) • Communal property and production • Lacked a central vision

  33. Brook Farm • 1841-7 • Intellectuals try to farm due to delusions about nature • Ends in financial ruin due to bad management and fires

  34. The Colonization Movement • American Colonization Society • Voluntary Emancipation • 1,400 slaves sent to Liberia • Fades after 1830

  35. Abolitionism • African-Americans are first to organize abolitionism • Appeal to the Colored Citizens of the World (1829) • Uses Declaration of Independence ideas, like equality of all men

  36. William Lloyd Garrison • A printer turned abolitionist after being put in jail • Calls for immediate abolition! • Inspires the Radical Abolitionists

  37. Organized Abolitionism • The American Anti-Slavery Society (1833) • White/Black Alliance • Uses Evangelical Persuasion Methods • Many are evangelicals • Women play a huge role, like former slave owner Angelica Grimke • Unable to persuade public by moral appeals alone

  38. Political Abolitionism • The Liberty Party (1840) • First Abolitionist PARTY. • “The Slave Power” • Many come to fear South is out to cram slavery down everyone's throat • They notice South has no free speech, mail is censored, etc.

  39. Women's Rights • Female Abolitionists found this • 1848: Seneca Falls Convention • Presses for right to vote and right to property • By Civil War, many states allow women more property rights! • (Right to vote: 1919)

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