Agajie Tesfaye , Rezene Fissehaye and Taye Tessema

1. Gender Perspectives of Economic and Health Effects of Partheniumhysterophorus: A Preliminary Assessment AgajieTesfaye, RezeneFissehaye and TayeTessema

2. Introduction • Partheniumhysterophorusis a hostile and pervasive alien weed threatening: • agricultural productivity and • food security situation of the country. • Men,Women and children are actively involved in the agriculture sector in the management of: • crops • Livestock • Natural resources And the agriculture sector is severely affected by Parth. • Even though it is expected that the impact of parthenium notably has gender dimensions: • there was no adequate information that presents disproportionate impacts of parthenium on men and women • To bridge-up this gap, a study was conducted in different parts of the country with the main objective of: • assessing the gender dimensions of Parthenium impacts.

3. Methodology • Standard survey methodologies were employed • Desk reviews • qualitative assessments • Focus group discussions • Key informant interviews • Questionnaire based studies • Structured questionnaire • A total sample size of 318 households (10% of them were women) • The study sites included: • Eastern part of the country (Haramaya area) • Northern part of the country (Sirinka area) • Central parts of the country (Dugda Bora area) • Target groups of the study • Farming community • Office of Agriculture • Health Centers

4. Major FindingsGender disparities • No gender disparity on: • Awareness of parthenium (both men and women are aware) • How parthenium was introduced to the country Both men and women perceived that this alien invader weed was introduced to the country along with wheat which was imported mainly for food aid in the seventies. • Expansion of parthenium from road-sides to farmlands and grazing lands

5. Gender disparities ……….. • Gender disparity (GD) onperception of men and women on expanding trend and extent of infestation: • 73% of women observed high extent of expansion • 51% of men • GD was also observed on the knowledge of dissemination mechanisms: • 78% of men knew means of dissemination • 58% of women • Major dissemination mechanisms reported: • Seed dispersal • Through Erosion • Through Animals • Using parthenium for roof thatching, mulching, etc

6. Gender disparities ……….. • GD: As a result, the proportion of community members who applied the different control mechanisms was higher for: • men (77%) than • women (38%). • GD: Even the proportion of households who used herbicides to control the invader was higher for: • men (23%) than • women (6%). This might be because men have better access to participation than women in: • meetings and • workshops

7. Gender disparities on: Economic effects • GD on perception of men and women on effect of parthenium on crop yields: • 70% of men realized part. has negative effects on crop yield • 56% of women This might be because men are largely involved in crop production • The yield loss is about 40% on average • Could be 100% if not controlled

8. Gender disparities ……….. Economic effects ……….. • GD on negative effects of parthenium on dairy production: • 94% of women noticed part. Has negative effects on dairy production • 76% of men This is because, women have close attachments with livestock • In the household division of labor, women are mainly responsible for: • milking, • milk preservation and • processing

9. Gender disparities ……….. Economic effects ……….. • As a result, women have noticed that parthenium: • Reduces milk yield by 50% • impacts negatively on quality of milk • Imposes high risks on health of children. • Children hardly consume milk tainted with parthenium due to: • Sourness • Bad smell • This inturn imposes more burden on women

10. Gender disparities ……….. Economic effects ……….. • Both men & women have also noticed the negative impact of Parthenium on health of livestock: • 31% of men reported negative impacts of parth. On health of livestock • 26% of women. • Both men and women have also noticed that parthenium impacted in: • Lowering price of milk by 50% due to sourness and bad smell • Lowering market values of cattle by 40% due to dermatitis

11. Gender disparities ……….. Economic effects ……….. • Both men and women observed that parth.: • invades pasture lands • inhibits growth of beneficial grass species • Exacerbates feed shortages • Feed shortages and health problems of livestock eventually contribute to poor quality of products, such as: • Milk (sour and bad smell) • Meat (bad taste and smell) • Skin (not marketable) • Women and children are more affected than men with impacts of parthenium on: • Low milk production • Poor quality milk and meat • lower price of milk • Eventual economic strain

12. Gender disparities ………..Environmental effects • Both men and women have perceived negative effect of parthenium on bio-diversity: • 42% of women noticed negative effects of parthenium on bio-diversity • 38% of men • Inhibiting germination and growth of flora • Depletes nutrients and aggravates soil infertility

13. Gender disparities ………..Social Impacts • Health impacts of parthenium were reported to include allergic reactions, such as: • skin rashes and dermatitis • Sinus (asthmatic) • Eye irritation • respiratory problems like bronchitis • Et • Health of women is more affected than men due to frequent contacts with Parthenium during: • Weeding • Farm leveling

14. Indian Case

15. Conclusion and Recommendations • Both men and women are aware of parthenium, its introduction, dissemination and control mechanisms • The findings reveal that women suffer more with negative effects of Parthenium than men. • The impacts of parthenium will get worsened unless timely corrective measures are taken • Therefore, gender specific interventions are required to effectively control Parthenium and minimize its impacts especially on women. • Awareness creation efforts shall be designed for both men and women either separately or jointly depending on the nature of intervention • Controlling parthenium through integrated approaches (mechanical, chemical, biological mechanisms) minimizes its impacts especially on women

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