S. C. Liew # , P. Chen, B. Saengtuksin, C. W. Chang

1. Estimating Water Optical Properties, Water Depth and Bottom Albedo Using High Resolution Satellite Imagery for Coastal Habitat Mapping S. C. Liew#, P. Chen, B. Saengtuksin, C. W. Chang Centre for Remote Imaging, Sensing and Processing National University of Singapore #Corresponding Author (scliew@nus.edu.sg)

2. WorldView-2High resolution with 8 spectral bands Launched: 8 October 2009 0.46 m panchromatic 1.84 m multispectral 8 spectral bands: Band 1: 429.3 nm (47.3) “Coastal” Band 2: 478.8 nm (54.3) Blue Band 3: 547.5 nm (63.0) Green Band 4: 607.8 nm (37.4) Yellow Band 5: 658.5 nm (57.4) Red Band 6: 723.5 nm (39.3) “Red edge” Band 7: 825.0 nm (98.9) NIR1 Band 8: 919.4 nm (99.6) NIR2 Effective wavelength Bandwidth

3. WV2 Spectral Response Tropical Atmosphere, 4 cm precipitable water Note the high water vapor absorption in band 6 (“red-edge” band), humid tropical atmosphere

5. Submerged reefs Seagrass WorldView-2 Image Semakau, 2010-03-24

6. The intertidal zone of Semakau has a rich seagrass habitat of several hundred meters in length. • Such an extensive seagrass habitat is rare in Singapore coastal area. The seagrass habitats in other areas of Singapore mostly occur in patches. • There are also live corals on the reefs near Semakau.

7. seagrass Classification Map Semi-automatic classification Based on 8-bands WV-2 image and field survey.

8. Seagrass

9. Coral rubble with algae/seagrass/coral

10. Classification of submerged features • The previous classification map shown was obtained by automatic clustering followed by manual editing guided by extensive ground truth observations. • Time consuming, requiring visual interpretation • Visual interpretation complicated by effects of water column • Scattering by suspended particles • Absorption by water and colored dissolved organic matter • Different water depth

11. We attempt to retrieve the water depth, bottom albedo and intrinsic optical properties of coastal sea water over submerged areas using a spectral matching algorithm.

12. Pre-processing of WorldView-2 Image Calibrate to radiance and top-of-atmosphere reflectance Correct for Rayleigh scattering and gaseous absorptions, integrated over sensor response functions. Glint subtraction using band 8 (NIR2) Convert to subsurface reflectance S.C. Liew, B. Saengtuksin, and L.K. Kwoh, IEEE 2009 International Geoscience and Remote Sensing Symposium (IGARSS'09), 13 - 17 July 2009, Cape Town, South Africa. S.C. Liew and J. He, IEEE Geoscience and Remote Sensing Letters 5(4), 701-704, 2008.

13. Band 8 (NIR2) Image Note the presence of various surface features

14. Band 7 (NIR1) Image Similar surface features are visible

15. Band 7 (NIR1) after subtracting Band 8 More homogeneous surface

16. Automatic Isodata clustering of submerged pixels into 50 classes Above-water land surface masked out by thresholding the NIR2 band Mean reflectance spectrum of each class is collected and matched with model reflectance

17. Shallow water reflectance Shallow water reflectance Deep water reflectance Deep Water

18. Model of Subsurface shallow water reflectance Reflection (scattering) from water column Reflection (scattering) from sea bottom

19. Deep water reflectance a(l) = Absorption coefficient bb(l) = Backscattering coefficient g0, g1 = parameters dependent on scattering characteristics of suspended particles

20. Absorption and Backscattering Models

21. Sea bottom reflectance Sea bottom reflectance is modeled as a linear combination of typical sand and vegetation reflectance spectra. sand vegetation (Sea bottom NDVI, corrected for water column effects)

22. Example of spectral matching:Deep water Class 3: Deep water X = 0.25 m-1 , G = 0.096 m-1 P = 0 Water depth set to a large value H = 25 m during spectral fitting (actual value doesn’t matter)

23. Example of spectral matching:Reef edge Class 6: Fringe of coral reef X = 0.23 m-1 , G = 0.019 m-1 P = 0 Rb547 = 0.135, Rb659 = 0.154, Rb825 = 0.282, NDVI = 0.292 H = 1.30 m

24. Example of spectral matching:Submerged reef Class 41: shallow reef X = 0.26 m-1 , G = 0.0 m-1 P = 0.25 m-1 Rb547 = 0.226, Rb659 = 0.267 , Rb825 = 0.365, NDVI = 0.154 H = 0.31 m

25. Example of spectral matching:Submerged seagrass Class 25: submerged seagrass X = 3.21 m-1 , G = 0.0 m-1 P = 0 m-1 Rb547 = 0.024, Rb659 = 0.020, Rb825 = 0.155, NDVI = 0.776 H = 0.12 m

26. Water Depth 0 m 0.5 m 1.0 m > 1.5 m

27. Bottom Albedo (at 547 nm) 0 0.10 0.20 > 0.30

28. Vegetation Index (Water column corrected) Detection of submerged aquatic vegetation 1.0 0.50 0.0

29. Concluding Remarks • We illustrated the application of a spectral matching algorithm in deriving the water depth, bottom albedo, vegetation index (for submerged aquatic vegetation) and water quality parameters from 8-bands high resolution WorldView-2 satellite images. • The satellite derived reflectance spectra can be fitted quite well to the shallow water reflectance model. • The 6th band (“red-edge” band centered at 723 nm) always has a high deviation from the best fit value for all the classes. This band happens to coincide with a water vapour absorption band.

30. Concluding Remarks • Eight spectral bands of WorldView-2 enable the application of a spectral matching algorithm, but implementation on the full image is not time-efficient. • Computational time efficiency is improved by clustering pixels with similar spectral values, and spectral matching is performed on the average spectrum of each class. • The water column corrected NDVI can serve to detect submerged aquatic vegetation, and to quantify the abundance. • Integrating with classification methods is on-going.

31. Acknowledgment • Singapore Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR) for funding to CRISP • Singapore National Parks Board (Nparks) for a grant supporting the project. • S. C. Liew acknowledges support of Singapore-Delft Water Alliance (SDWA)

32. WV2 Spectral Response