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Learn how cellular respiration converts glucose into ATP, the universal energy carrier vital for life processes. Follow the detailed steps of glycolysis, Kreb’s Cycle, and electron transport chain, and trace the flow of energy from the sun to your muscles.
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Adenosine Triphosphate • Universal energy carrier of the cell • Active transport • Reproduction • Movement • Muscle contractions • Protein synthesis • Hydrolysis of ATP ATP + H2O ADP + Pi + Energy • Energy used to produce heat & drive processes
Cellular Respiration C6H12O6 + 6O2 6CO2 + 6H2O + 36 ATP • Primarily in mitochondria • Chemical energy in glucose converted to ATP • Necessary for both consumers (heterotrophs) and producers (autotrophs) Glucose
Glycolysis • Start: Glucose (6C) in cytoplasm • 2ATP energizes the glucose • Phosphate breaks from ATP • Glucose (6C) broken into two Pyruvates (3C) • Finish: Two pyruvates 4 ATPs NADH (H taxi)
Kreb’s Cycle (Citric Acid Cycle) • Step 1: Pyruvate broken down • Pyruvate (3C) is split into Acetic Acid (2C) and CO2 • More NADH created
Pyruvate #1 Pyruvate #2 NADH NADH C C C CO2 C C C CO2 NAD NAD Acetic acid Acetic acid
Step 2: Coenzyme A • Acetic Acid (2C) combines with coenzyme A to create Acetyl-CoA (2C)
Acetyl CoA Acetic acid Acetyl CoA Acetic acid C C C C C C C C CoEnzyme A CoEnzyme A CoEnzyme A CoEnzyme A
Step 3: Citric Acid formed • Acetyl-CoA (2C) binds with 4C molecule (from previous Kreb’s cycle) • Citric Acid (6C) created
Acetyl CoA Acetyl CoA Citric Acid Citric Acid C C C C CoEnzyme A CoEnzyme A C C C C C C C C
Step 4: Citric Acid broken down • Citric Acid (6C) broken into 5C molecule • CO2 waste created • More NADH created
Citric acid 5C molecule Citric acid 5C molecule NADH NADH C C C C C C C C C C CO2 C C CO2 NAD NAD
Step 5: 5C molecule broken down • 5C molecule broken down into 4C molecule • CO2 waste created • More NADH created • ATP created
5C molecule 5C molecule 4C molecule 4C molecule ATP NADH NADH ATP C C C C CO2 C C CO2 C C C C NAD NAD ADP ADP
Step 6: 4C molecule rearranged • Enzymes rearrange the 4C molecule • More NADH, FADH2 created • 4C molecule restarts the Kreb’s cycle when bonded with Acetyl-CoA
4C molecule 4C molecule NADH FADH2 FADH2 NADH C C C C C C C C C C C C C C C C NAD NAD FAD FAD
4C molecule 4C molecule Citric acid Citric acid CoEnzyme A CoEnzyme A C C C C C C C C C C C C
Kreb’s Summary • 2 Pyruvate molecules (from glycolysis) create: • 6CO2, 2ATP, 8NADH, 2FADH2
Electron Transport Chain • Step 1: Electrons removed • Electrons removed from NADH and FADH2
Step 2: Hydrogen Ions Transported • Proteins pump H+ ions across inner membrane of mitochondria • H+ ions accumulate H+ H+ H+ H+ H+
H+ H+ • Step 3: ATP produced • H+ ions diffuse through protein channels to bind ADP + Pi • 34 ATP created H+ H+ ADP ATP ATP ATP ATP ATP
Step 4: Water created • Oxygen binds with H+ ions to create 6H2O as a waste H+ O O O H+ H+ H2 O H+ H2 O
Your essay question on the next test! Trace the flow of energy, including ATP, from the sun to your muscles, after eating a green leaf salad.
Kobe Kuiz Place the following steps in order from start to finish. A) 2ATP created when 5C molecule broken apart B) Acetic acid bonds to coenzyme A C) 4 ATP molecules created in the cytoplasm D) NADH and FADH2 deliver hydrogen electrons to mitochondria membrane E) Citric acid created F) Largest amount of ATP created when H travels through ATP synthase G) Glucose is broken into pyruvate molecules
Kobe Kuiz Place the following steps in order from start to finish. G) Glucose is broken into pyruvate molecules C) 4 ATP molecules created in the cytoplasm B) Acetic acid bonds to coenzyme A E) Citric acid created A) 2ATP created when 5C molecule broken apart D) NADH and FADH2 deliver hydrogen electrons to mitochondria membrane F) Largest amount of ATP created when H travels through ATP synthase