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Computer Graphics

Assistant Professor Dr. Sana’a Wafa Al-Sayegh 2 nd Semester 2008-2009. Computer Graphics. University of Palestine. ITGD3107. ITGD3107 Computer Graphics. Chapter 8 Part-3 Graphical User Interfaces and Interactive Input Methods. Distinguishing characteristics of devices

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Computer Graphics

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  1. Assistant Professor Dr. Sana’a Wafa Al-Sayegh 2nd Semester 2008-2009 Computer Graphics University of Palestine ITGD3107

  2. ITGD3107Computer Graphics Chapter 8 Part-3 Graphical User Interfaces and Interactive Input Methods

  3. Distinguishing characteristics of devices Input devices standard research Output devices video other Virtual devices WIMP vs. Post-WIMP interfaces Where do we go from here? Display and Interaction Devices

  4. Display and Interaction Devices User Interface

  5. Hardware characteristics Absolute vs. relative Polled vs. interrupt-driven Discrete vs. continuous input Degrees of freedom (DOF) number of simultaneous, independent data values that arrive in one record Potential problem areas Spatial resolution Registration and calibration Accuracy and repeatability Sample frequency (temporal resolution) Data synchronization Abstractions Hardware level Logical level Input Device Hardware

  6. Device interface level Wired vs. wireless Connection Universal Serial Bus (USB) Bluetooth Power source AC power supply batteries mechanical motion connection to computer Type of data transferred binary or text floating point, integers, text, etc. Input Device Hardware

  7. Commonly used today Mouse-like devices mouse wheel mouse (up to 2 wheels offer extra DOF) trackball trackpad Keyboards one handed vs. two handed DataHand keyboard Traditional Input Devices

  8. Traditional Input Devices HP iPaq • Pen/Stylus • Data provided • Absolute position • Pressure, distance from surface • Tablets for desktop computers • Alternative to mouse • Tablet PCs (can be used as laptops or slates) • Toshiba Portege M200, M400 • HP Tablet PC tc1100, tc4200 • Acer TravelMate C200, C310 • and many more… • Palm-top devices • HP iPaq Pocket PC • Handspring, PalmOS™ • Sony Clie, Treo • BlackBerry • Nintendo DS WACOM Intuos3 tablet WACOM Cintiq 21UX Nintendo DS HP tc1100

  9. Dial boxes number of dials (1 DOF per dial) Joysticks game pads flightsticks (2 or 3 DOF plus a myriad of buttons and sliders) Nintendo Wii’s controller Traditional Input Devices

  10. Touchscreens Microphones wireless vs. wired headset Digital still and video cameras, scanners Sony Eye Uses basic image recognition to track body movements as an input to console games TrackIR by NaturalPoint MIDI devices input from electronic musical instruments more convenient than entering scores with just a mouse/keyboard Traditional Input Devices

  11. Use may become more common in future Electromagnetic trackers Acoustic-inertial trackers Infrared trackers Optical trackers 3D Input Devices

  12. Gloves attach electromagnetic tracker to the hand Pinch gloves Mouselike Hybrid 3D Input Devices

  13. Commercial failures Spaceball Flymouse Unsuccessful 3D Input Devices

  14. Non-standard Input Devices Reconfigurable devices Tool handles/props, with attached sensors Passive input devices Would like to separate user from devices Voice recognition without a headset not successful yet Image-based analysis video camera trained on user Some Current Input Device Research

  15. Part of a windowing system, UI toolkit, or 3D environment a combination of behavior and geometry Motivation Advanced hardware devices are expensive, and not always available for all platforms Most users already know how to use traditional input devices (mouse & keyboard) It is inefficient to have to continuously switch devices try to keep hands on the mouse or the keyboard Would like to perform complicated inputs with simple gestures You will implement a virtual trackball and other virtual devices in the Modeler assignment Virtual Input Devices

  16. 2D widgets Windowing systems (e.g. X, Mac, Windows) window scrollbar UI toolkits (e.g. Java Swing/AWT, Motif, Windows Forms) button dialog box drawing area object handles Simulating hardware devices sliders as virtual dials windows as virtual tablet Virtual Input Devices

  17. 3D widgets Ambiguity of gestures 2D mouse gesture  3D movement interface must make decisions complex geometry involved to make these decisions Fundamental differences between 2D and 3D graphics multiple coordinate systems hidden surfaces more complicated primitives (3D objects, not 2D windows) Combine geometry & behavior make sure that target users can infer the widget’s functionality based on it’s geometry reduce the cognitive distance between the function you are actually performing and the interaction you are doing virtual devices should show the actions they are designed to do Virtual Input Devices

  18. Virtual sphere rotation (Chen ’88) Project mouse motions onto the surface of a sphere surrounding the object (an “object trackball”) Construct two vectors from center of sphere to the surface of the sphere Cross product of two vectors gives the axis around which to rotate Normalized dot product gives the cosine of angle to rotate object through Used for “camera trackball” as well You will implement this in Modeler! Virtual Input Devices

  19. Inherent difficulties of 3D input Different coordinate systems world object camera UV coordinates on object’s surface screen More complex math 3D points, vectors, transformation matrices ray casting, hidden surface calculations 2D view of 3D scene information is missing in a flat display objects obscured or off screen spatial relationships difficult to perceive Virtual Input Devices

  20. Classifications Stereo Desktop CRT LCD flatpanel Semi-Immersive Desktop Semi-Immersive Wall Single projector, often DLP (Digital Light Processing) Video Output Devices

  21. Fishtank VR DepthCube Head-mounted displays (HMD) Video Output Devices

  22. Virtual Retinal Display (VRD) Virtual Sphere Video Output Devices

  23. Augmented Reality Augmented reality devices Optical see-through or video-based research still going on Sony LDI-D100B Head Tracker (IS900) Microphone P5 Glove Diamond Touch Table Connector Hand Tracker (IS900) Columbia’s MARS

  24. Audio Do not underestimate the importance of sound! Speakers 3D spatial sound Headphones Printers Style impact printing Plotters Ink jet Laser Slides/film Holographs Rapid prototyping systems and 3D raster scan devices Other Output Devices

  25. Multiple, Interconnected Devices and UIs per User • Office/Home • wall displays + personal notepad • video-tracking for user id, location • continuous speech recognition + natural language understanding + intelligent information processing • Furniture: chair is instrumented to help detect posture, adjust to the user’s preferred position • Health-care • Electro-chemical monitors

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