Chapter 23-AP Notes 39 million by 1870-26.6% increase

1. Chapter 23-AP Notes 39 million by 1870-26.6% increase Many were upset by waste and extravagance of America Grant Hero of war-received big $ from supporters all over Only voted once yet a huge hero so Repubs nominated Democrats could not agree-eastern delegates wanted war bonds redeemed in gold, Mid Western delegates wanted redemption in greenbacks, farmers wanted interest rates lowered-problem w/ $ policy Nominee for Dems-Horatio Seymour Grant and “Bloody Shirt” won 214-80 yet only 300,000 500,000 former slaves for Grant

2. Good Stealings • Reconstruction brought great corruption • Jay Gould(brother in law of Grant) and Jim Fisk attempted to corner the gold market and although they failed Gould made a huge profit • “Boss” Tweed in New York controlled the city($200 million) • Grant’s in laws received federal jobs • Credit Mobilier(1872) Union Pacific insiders hired themselves at inflated prices to build RR lines & bought off Congressman to not investigate-VP Schuyler Colfax took $ too • Whiskey Ring robbed treasury of millions in excise tax $ • Secretary of War Wllm. Belknap took bribes from suppliers of whiskey to Indian Reservations and took bribes for sale of Indian trading posts-impeached yet resigned

3. Revolt of 1872 • Liberal Wing of the Republican Party began to emerge with all the scandal-wanted an end to Grant and Reconstruction-many of the Radicals were now dead or out of office • Liberal Wing and Dems chose Horace Greeley? • Grant won 56% of vote-largest total between Jackson and TR • Repubs removed political disabilities from all but a few Confederate leaders and reduced high Civil War tariffs

4. Economic Woes • Panic of 1873-Promoters had laid more track, sunk more mines, built more factories, and grown more grains than the markets could tolerate • Bankers had made too many poor loans-profits faltered, so too did loans-15,000 businesses went bankrupt • War led to $450 million in greenbacks-by 1870s $356 million remained in circulation-some supported the idea of allowing them and others wanted a return to hard money • In 1874 Congress passed a measure to allow a modest reissuing of greenbacks-vetoed by Grant-hard $ won out • Resumption Act of 1875 passed-treasury dropped silver • Farmers and workers dumbfounded-$ per capita decreased-contraction • Greenback Party emerges!

5. Gilded Age(3 decades after Civil War) • Politics were a gamble-House majorities switched 6 times from 1869-1891-rare to have complete branch control • 80% of eligible voters participated-some bipartisanship on issues such as tariffs, civil service reform and currency • Sharp ethnic and cultural differences in the parties • Repubs-puritanism, big government, single moral standard • Dems-Lutheran or Catholic, professed toleration • Dem-Solid South & Industrial North • Repubs-Midwest & rural small town N’East • Patronage was key to votes • Repubs-Roscoe Conkling-swapping civil service jobs • Opposing them were the Half-Breeds-James Blaine-deadlocked party

6. Hayes vs. Tilden-1876 • Rep.-R.B. Hayes-gov. of Ohio • Dem. S. Tilden-184 of 185 necessary votes-3 states unsure returns: LA, SC, FL-all 3 sent 2 sets of returns Compromise of 1877 • Electoral Count Act-Electoral Commission-8Repubs/7Dems • Compromise: Hayes gets presidency, Remove Federal troops, promised Democrats pork, & money for transcontinental RR-settled March 1 • Violence was averted by sacrificing freedom-running out of steam anyway • Civil Rights Act of 1875-guaranteed equal accommodations in public places & prohibited racial discrimination in jury selections • Supreme Court rulings on 14th?

7. Jim Crow • Solid South returned: New South-Redeemers: Old South’s ruling planters, middle class looking for commercial and industrial development, professional politicians looking to benefit with any group(laissez-faire & white supremacy) • Blacks and poor whites lost rights-sharecropping and tenant farming • “Crop Lien” system • Better than Slavery? Discrimination grew-legal codes of discrimination-Many methods used to deny right to vote. • Plessy v Ferguson (1896) • Segregation created “Separate yet Not Equal” • Whites dealt harshly with any blacks who challenged

8. Class Conflicts • Regional Conflicts ended-class conflict took over • Product of long years of depression & deflation • RR-massive cuts-work stoppage brought fighting • Strike failed-labor powerless • Irish/Chinese fought in California-By 1880-10% of California’s population was Asian-mostly men • San Francisco-Violence vs. Chinese-resented competition • Chinese Exclusion Act of 1882

9. Garfield and Arthur • 1880-Republican James Garfield vs. Dem. Winfield Hancock • Greenback-Weaver---Garfield won close race • Conflict brewed as James Blaine was chosen as Secretary of State and Roscoe Conkling was upset-Garfield shot by a deranged office seeker and eventually died-Chester Arthur took over • Attempt at reform of the Spoils System-Pendleton Act of 1883-made compulsory campaign contributions from federal employees illegal & established Civil Service Commission • Now politicians looked to corporations for big $

10. Election of 1884 • Republican James Blaine (corrupt-Mulligan letters)-led to the mugwumps • Dem. Grover Cleveland(gov. of NY) father of an illegitimate child? • Cleveland barely won-laissez faire-eventually fell prey to spoils Tariff • High during war-now a huge surplus-Options-plunder on pork or lower-Cleveland opposed lowering • 1888 Presidential election Cleveland lost election to Benjamin Harrison yet won the popular vote(Harrison raised $3 million)

11. Billion Dollar Congress • Repubs ready for jobs-also enjoying surpluses-Democrats planned stall tactics • Thomas Reed-Maine-new speaker-ruled the House • First Congress to appropriate $1 billion • Congress showered pensions, increased government purchases of silver-raised the tariff-McKinley Tariff of 1890 • Farmers hurt-buy expensive home products & sell grains in unprotected world market • 1890 Elections-Repubs lost majorities

12. Pg. 510-520 Quiz • What case set up the “Separate But Equal” doctrine? • What two ethnic groups clashed in California over jobs and opportunities? • What was the answer to increase in population of the Chinese in the United States? • What was the solution to the spoils system after James Garfield was assassinated? • Who won the election 1888?

13. Discontent • People’s Party emerged-Populists(Farmer’s Alliance)-wanted govmnt reform, free & unlimited coinage of silver-16 oz. of silver to 1 oz. of gold, graduated income tax, government ownership of RR, telegraph, telephone, direct election of senators, 1 term limit for president, allow citizens to shape laws, shorter workday, immigrant restrictions • Nominated James Weaver for president in 1892 • Strike at Pittsburgh • Good showing for Populists in 1892 Election-South did not support-Race Issue? • Populists once supported & then turned backs on African Americans • Democrats and Cleveland return to office in 1892

14. Cleveland • Panic of 1893-worst depression of 19th Century • Causes: Overbuilding, overspeculation, labor disorders, agricultural depression, pinch on US finances when European banks called upon loans • Businesses closed, unemployment grew and government did little • Deep Deficit • Gold/Silver debate grew