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Chapter 7:4 Skeletal System. Diversified Health Occupations, 7 th edition. Skeletal System. Made of organs called bones Adult human has 206 bones Functions: Bones act as a system to perform the following functions - Framework: to support muscles, fat, and skin
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Chapter 7:4Skeletal System Diversified Health Occupations, 7th edition
Skeletal System • Made of organs called bones • Adult human has 206 bones • Functions: Bones act as a system to perform the following functions - • Framework: to support muscles, fat, and skin • Protection: surround vital organs and other internal structures • Examples: Skull surrounds brain, Ribs surround heart and lungs
Functions of bones • Levers: • Muscles attach to bones to provide movement • Production of blood cells: • Help produce red and white blood cells and platelets • Process is called hemopoiesis or hematopoiesis • Storage: • Supply most of the calcium in the body • Also stores phosphorus and fats
Bones • Exist in a variety of shapes and sizes • Long • Short • Flat • Irregular • Sesamoid • Depends on the locations and function within the body • Example – bones of the extremities are called “long bones”; bones in the skull are “flat bones”
Parts of the Long Bones • Diaphysis – long part of the bone • Epiphysis – ends of the bone • Medullary canal – canal in diaphysis that stores bone marrow • Endosteum –membrane that lines the medullary canal (continues)
Long Bones (continued) • Periosteum- membrane that covers outside of bone • Contains blood vessels, lymph vessels and osteoblasts (specialized cells that form new bone tissue) • Necessary for bone growth, repair and nutrition • Articular cartilage • Thin layer covers the epiphysis • Acts as shock absorber when two bones meet to form a joint
Long Bones • Yellow marrow – in medullary canal • Mainly storage of fat cells • Contains cells that form leukocytes (white blood cells) • Red marrow – found in certain bones • Vertebrae, ribs, sternum, cranium, proximal ends of the humerus and femur • Produces red blood cells, platelets and some white blood cells • Used in diagnoses of blood diseases • Transplanted in people with defective immune systems
Axial Skeleton • In main trunk of body • Skull • Spinal column • Ribs • Sternum (breastbone)
Appendicular Skeleton • Extremities • Shoulder girdle • Arm bones • Pelvic girdle • Leg bones
Skull • Composed of Cranialand Facialbones • Sutures – area where cranial bones are joined • Sinuses – air spaces in bones of the skull • Act as resonating chambers • Provides a lighter weight to the skull • Foramina • Openings in bone that allow nerves and blood vessels to enter and leave the bone
Cranial Bones • Eight bones of skull that surround and protect the brain • Frontal • Parietal (2) • Temporal (2) • Occipital • Ethmoid • Sphenoid
Facial Bones • 14 bones of skull that form facial features • Mandible—lower jaw • Maxilla (2)—upper jaw • Zygomatic (2)—cheek • Nasal (5)—upper part of nose • Lacrimal (2)—inner aspect of eye • Palatine (2)—hard palate (roof of mouth)
Vertebrae • Protects the spinal cord • Supports head and trunk • Spinal column—26 bones • Cervical (7)—neck, C1=atlas and C2=axis • Thoracic (12)—chest, attach to ribs • Lumbar (5)—at waist • Sacrum (1)—back of pelvic girdle • Coccyx (1)—tailbone
Intervertebral Disks • Pads of cartilage separating vertebrae • Act as shock absorbers • Permit bending and twisting movements
Ribs (costae) • 12 pairs of long slender bones • Attach to thoracic vertebrae • True ribs—first 7 pairs; attach to sternum • False ribs—last 5 pairs; do not attach to sternum
Sternum • Breastbone • Consists of 3 parts • Manubrium • Body • Xiphoid Process • Two clavicles attach • Ribs attach with cartilage
Shoulder or Pectoral Girdle • 2 clavicles (collarbones) • 2 scapula (shoulder bones) • Upper arm bones attach to scapula
Bones of the Arm • Humerus • Radius • Ulna • Carpals • Metacarpals • Phalanges
Bones of Pelvic Girdle • Consists of 2 oscoxae(hip bones) – each one is made of 3 fused sections: • Ilium • Ischium • Pubis
Pelvic Girdle • Symphysis pubis (joint between pubic bones) • Acetabulum (socket for attachment of head of femur) • Obturator foramen (opening for passage of nerves and blood vessels to and from the legs)
Bones of the Legs • Femur • Patella • Tibia • Fibula • Tarsals • Metatarsals • Phalanges
Joints • Where two or more bones join • Ligaments – bands of connective tissue that hold bones together at the joints • Three types of joints • Diarthrosis or synovial –freely movable • Amphiarthrosis –slightly movable • Synarthrosis - immovable
Diarthrosis: • Ball and socket • Hinge • Amphiarthrosis: • Attachment of ribs to thoracic vertebrae • Symphysis pubis -joint between 2 pelvic bones • Synarthrosis: • Suture joints of cranium
Diseases and Abnormal Conditions • Arthritis – a group of diseases involving inflammation of the joints.
Two types of arthritis • Osteoarthritis– chronic, more common form usually occurs as a result of aging • Rheumatoid arthritis – chronic inflammatory disease that affects the connective tissue and joints, more common in women, onset occurs between the ages of 35 -45. Causes scar formation, atrophy of bone and muscle, results in permanent deformity and immobility
No cure • Remedies used to relieve the symptoms: • Rest, • Applications of heat and cold, • Anti-inflammatory medications, • Injection of steroids into the joints, • Special exercises • Surgery, or arthroplasty, is used to repair or replace damaged joints
Bursitis – inflammation of the bursae, which are small, fluid-filled sacs surrounding the joints. Treatment includes pain meds, aspiration of fluid and injection of steroids and anesthetics into the joint. Rest and physical therapy preserve joint motion.
Dislocation- occurs when a bone is forcibly displaced from a joint. Once it is reduced (bone replaced in the joint), the joint is immobilized with a splint, cast, or traction.
Sprain – torn ligaments at a joint • Treatment includes rest, elevation, ice and compression • Osteomyelitis– bone inflammation caused by a pathogenic organism • Causes abscess within bone and accumulation of pus in medullary canal • Antibiotics given to treat infection
Diseases and Abnormal Conditions(continued) • Osteoporosis • Increased porosity , or softening of bones • Caused by hormone deficiency , prolonged lack of calcium in the diet, sedentary lifestyle
Diseases and Abnormal Conditions(continued) • Ruptured disk • Or “Herniated” or “slipped disk” • Symptoms • Severe pain, muscle spasm, impaired movement, and/or numbness • Treatment • Analgesics, anti-inflammatory and muscle relaxant meds • Rest, traction, PT, heat or cold applications • Surgery (laminectomy)
Diseases & Abnormal Conditions • Abnormal curvature of spine • Kyphosis – abnormal bowing of the spine at the thoracic area (“hunchback”) • Scoliosis – lateral curvature of the back • Lordosis – abnormal inward curvature of the lumbar region (“swayback”)
Fractures • A crack or break in a bone • Types of fractures include: • Greenstick • Simple or closed • Compound or open • Impacted • Comminuted • Transverse, Oblique • Spiral • Depressed • Compression • Colles
Signs/Symptoms of a Fracture • Swelling &/or redness at area of injury • Deformity • Shortened limb, or improper angulation • Crepitus • Loss of sensation and/or pulse distal to injury
Initial Treatment of Long-Bone Fracture • Call 911 • Protect any open wound from possible infection • Stabilize and immobilize the injury • Wait for help
Treatment Procedures • Fractures • Manipulation • Traction • Immobilization • External Fixation • Internal Fixation