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ALKANES (C n H 2n+2 )

H. H. c. H. H. H. H. c. c. H. H. H. H. H. H. c. c. c. H. H. H. ALKANES (C n H 2n+2 ). THE INTER CARBON BONDS ARE ALL SINGLE. COMPOSED OF HYDROGEN AND CARBON (HYDROCARBON). DEFINED BY THE EQUATION C n H 2n+2 NONPOLAR AND INSOLLUBLE IN WATER. REACTIONS ARE VERY SLOW.

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ALKANES (C n H 2n+2 )

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  1. H H c H H H H c c H H H H H H c c c H H H

  2. ALKANES (CnH2n+2) • THE INTER CARBON BONDS ARE ALL SINGLE. • COMPOSED OF HYDROGEN AND CARBON (HYDROCARBON). • DEFINED BY THE EQUATION CnH2n+2 • NONPOLAR AND INSOLLUBLE IN WATER. • REACTIONS ARE VERY SLOW. • FUELS FOR COMBUSTION REACTIONS. • HYDROGENS CAN BE REMOVED AND SUBSTITUTED FOR BY HALOGENS FORMMING HALOCARBONS. • ALKANES HOLD AS MANY HYDROGENS AS POSSIBLE AND ARE TERMED SATURATED WITH RESPECT TO H.

  3. NAMING ALKANES (CnH2n+2) • Identify the longest unbroken (by other elements) carbon chain. • Count the carbons and use table P to get the prefix of the name. • Identify that the intercarbon bonds are all single, if so the suffix of the name is --ANE. H H H H C C C C H H H H H BUT ANE ALL THE INTERCARBON BONDS ARE SINGLE, TABLE R INDICATES AN ALKANE. ANE PREFIX SUFFIX THE LONGEST UNBROKEN CARBON CHAIN IS 4 CARBONS, TABLE P INDICATES THE PREFIX FOR 4 CARBONS ISBUT H

  4. SUBSTITUTED ALKANES • SUBSTITUTION REACTIONS • HYDROGENS ARE REMOVED AND A HALOGEN IS SUBSTITUTED IN PLACE OF THE REMOVED HYDROGENS. • THE PRODUCT WILL HAVE FEWER HYDROGENS THAN THE REACTANT AND WILL HAVE HALOGEN ATOMS IN THE FORMULA. • C4H10 + Cl2 C4H9Cl + HCl HALOGEN ACID HALOGEN AN ALKANE THE HYDROGENS DECREASE FROM 10 TO 9 HALOHYDROCARBON

  5. H H H C C C H H H H LONGEST UNBROKEN CARBON CHAIN: 3 CARBONS PROP…. This compound follows CnH2n+2(C3H6+2) H ♫ note: all carbon to carbon (C-C) are single – alkane!

  6. H H H H C C C C Cl H H H H H 4 3 2 1 ALWAYS NUMBER CARBONS SUCH THAT THE SMALLEST NUMBERS ARE USED IN THE NAME! 1- CHLORO BUT ANE CARBON # OF GROUP “SIDE GROUP” PREFIX SUFFIX

  7. ISOMERS OF C5H12 H H H H H H C C C C C H H H H H H H H H H H H C C C C C H H H H H H n-PENTANE 2- CARBON # OF GROUP METHYL 4 3 2 1 “SIDE GROUP” BUT PREFIX ANE SUFFIX

  8. ALKENES (CnH2n) • THE FUNCTIONAL GROUP IS A DOUBLE BOND. • THE COMPOUNDS ARE UNSATURATED, THEY CAN BOND TO MORE HYDROGEN ATOMS BY OPENING THE DOUBLE BOND. • THE SUFFIX IS ENE. H THIS IS 2-BUTENE BECAUSE THE DOUBLE BOND BEGINS ON THE SECOND CARBON. THE DOUBLE BOND IS THE FUNCTIONAL GROUP OF THE ALKENE. H H H C C C C 4 3 2 1 H H H H NONE NONE 2- BUT ENE CARBON # OF GROUP “SIDE GROUP” C # OF FUNCTIONAL GROUP PREFIX SUFFIX

  9. ♫ NOTE: 1-BUTENE AND 2-BUTENE ARE ISOMERS, THEY HAVE THE SAME FORMULA (C4H8) HOWEVER THEY HAVE DIFFERENT STRUCTURES. H H C C H H H H H H C C 4 3 2 1 2 HYDROGENS CAN BE ADDED TO THE DOUBLE BOND, NONE NONE 1- BUT ENE CARBON # OF GROUP “SIDE GROUP” C # OF FUNCTIONAL GROUP PREFIX SUFFIX

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