1 / 30

Herbivory

Herbivory. Plant defenses. 3) Behavioral defenses: phenology. Plant defenses. 3) Behavioral defenses: shed. Plant defenses. 4) Crypsis : look like. Biological version of “ where ’ s waldo? ”. Plant defenses. 4) Crypsis : look like Camouflage : look. Urban…. Plant defenses.

lwoolford
Download Presentation

Herbivory

An Image/Link below is provided (as is) to download presentation Download Policy: Content on the Website is provided to you AS IS for your information and personal use and may not be sold / licensed / shared on other websites without getting consent from its author. Content is provided to you AS IS for your information and personal use only. Download presentation by click this link. While downloading, if for some reason you are not able to download a presentation, the publisher may have deleted the file from their server. During download, if you can't get a presentation, the file might be deleted by the publisher.

E N D

Presentation Transcript

  1. Herbivory

  2. Plant defenses • 3) Behavioral defenses: phenology

  3. Plant defenses • 3) Behavioral defenses: • shed

  4. Plant defenses • 4) Crypsis: look like Biological version of “where’s waldo?”

  5. Plant defenses • 4) Crypsis: look like • Camouflage: look Urban…

  6. Plant defenses • 4) Camouflage • stone plants (Lithops):

  7. Plant defenses

  8. Plant defenses • 4) Camouflage • stone plants (Lithops): Stone(d) plants

  9. Plant defenses • 4) Crypsis • Mimicry: look Wasp Wasp mimics The Hair Band W.A.S.P.

  10. Plant defenses • 4) Mimicry • Passiflora (passionflower) leaves • Heliconius: Heliconius butterfly

  11. Plant defenses • 4) Mimicry • Passiflora egg mimics:

  12. Plant defenses • 5) Associational defenses • Typically plants + insects • Insect: home/food, plant: protection

  13. Defensive mutualisms • Ex, domatia: • Tilia americana (basswood) • Predatory mites

  14. Defensive mutualisms • Classic ex, Acacia & acacia ants • Acacia: Some w/ hollow stipular spines

  15. Defensive mutualisms • Ex, Acacia and acacia ants • Leaves: extrafloral nectary (nectar • Young leaflets: Beltian Bodies (

  16. Defensive mutualisms • Benefits (plant): Ants • Eat insect herbivores • Defend

  17. Plant defenses • 5) Associational defenses: plant-plant

  18. Plant defenses • 5) Associational defenses: plant-plant • Repellent Plant Hypothesis: grow near toxic • Ex: purple loosestrife (Lythrum salicaria) & sweet gale (Myrica gale). Myrica aromatic (related Morella cerifera)

  19. Plant defenses • 5) Associational defenses: plant-plant • Attractant Decoy Hypothesis: • Application: Trap Crop • Ex: clover or

  20. Plant defenses • 5) Associational defenses: plant-plant • Natural Enemies Hypothesis: • Ex: Borrhichia frutescens & Iva frutescens • Attacked by gall- Gall Asphondylia fly Example parasitoid

  21. Plant defenses • 5) Associational defenses: plant-plant • Iva near Borrhichia: fewer galls • Borrhichia: lge. galls. Parasitoids spill over & attack sm. galls on Iva Reverse of defense?

  22. Reverse! • Associational susceptibility! Herbivore Spillover: neighbor hosts herbivores • Ex: Populus (cottonwood) and Acer negundo (box elder)

  23. Other plant defense terms Constitutive: Preformed inducible: activated Inducible: manufactured • Physical • Chemical • Behavioral • Crypsis (camouflage/mimicry) • Associational

  24. Animal counterdefenses No defense is 100% effective….. Abrams tank outside Baghdad

  25. Animal counterdefenses 1) Mechanical (physical) counterdefenses: tear up/pierce plant • Hypsodont tooth: African elephant tooth

  26. Animal counterdefenses 1) Mechanical counterdefenses: tear up/pierce tough plant tissues • Evergrowing

  27. Animal counterdefenses • Mechanical counterdefenses: tear up/pierce tough plant tissues Insect grasshopper mandible

  28. Animal counterdefenses 2) Associational counterdefenses: microbial symbionts • Ciliates/bacteria • Gut, stomach chamber or cecum In termite guts

  29. Animal counterdefenses 2) Associational counterdefenses: microbial symbionts • Leaf cutter ants:

  30. Animal counterdefenses 3) Chemical counterdefenses • mixed function oxidases (MFO’s):

More Related