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RUSSIA: FROM FLEDGLING PRINCIPALITY TO MAJOR POWER

RUSSIA: FROM FLEDGLING PRINCIPALITY TO MAJOR POWER. WHAT IS RUSSIA? European/Western -> ? Asiatic/Eastern -> ? Both/Something special and unique -> ?. WHY WAS RUSSIA DIFFERENT?. Geography Religion – Eastern Orthodox Christianity Autocracy – one man rule at the top Small powerful nobles

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RUSSIA: FROM FLEDGLING PRINCIPALITY TO MAJOR POWER

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  1. RUSSIA: FROM FLEDGLING PRINCIPALITY TO MAJOR POWER • WHAT IS RUSSIA? • European/Western -> ? • Asiatic/Eastern -> ? • Both/Something special and unique -> ?

  2. WHY WAS RUSSIA DIFFERENT? • Geography • Religion – Eastern Orthodox Christianity • Autocracy – one man rule at the top • Small powerful nobles • Serfdom – harsh and enduring • No middle class • No/slow economic development

  3. RUSSIA – FROM MONGOL INVASION TO IVAN THE TERRIBLE • Invaded and occupied by the Mongols -> 13th through 15th centuries = “the Tartar Yoke” • The Principality of Moscow • The Grand Duke of Moscow • IVAN IV, THE TERRIBLE • First to take the title Tsar/Czar • Expands Russia to the East • Wife dies -> goes crazy -> slaughters the Boyars (old Russian nobility) • Creates a new “service nobility”

  4. Ivan the Terrible – after bashing his son’s head in!

  5. RUSSIA – “THE TIME OF TROUBLES” • Period of aristocratic/noble resurgence and anarchy after Ivan’s death

  6. THE HOUSE OF ROMANOV • Michael Romanov becomes Tsar in 1613 • Romanov’s establish a dynasty in Russia last from 1613 until World War I and the Soviet Revolution in 1917

  7. THE REIGN OF PETER THE GREAT 1689-1725 • Tsar Peter Romanov = Peter the Great • Westernize/Europeanize backward Russia • Emphasis on technical development to strengthen Russia militarily • Reorganizes the army/creates a navy • Forces the nobles to serve in either military or government positions • Adopts mercantilist policies -> but mostly just squeezes taxes out of poor peasants • Establishes govt control over Russian Orthodox Church • Introduces/forces Western customs, manners, and style -> cutting off noble’s beards and long coats

  8. RUSSIA: OPENING A WINDOW TO THE WEST • Peter wanted an ice-free warm water port to give access to Europe • THE GREAT NORTHERN WAR 1701-1721 -> Peter defeats Sweden • Sweden becomes second rate power/Russia becomes big dog in the Baltic region • Peter builds new capital/window to the West – St. Petersburg

  9. ST. PETERSBURG = PETER THE GREAT’S WINDOW ON THE WEST

  10. THE GROWTH OF MONARCHY IN SWEDEN • King Gustavus Adolphus 1611-1632 -> killed in the Thirty Years’ War • King Charles XI – builds Swedish monarchy along absolutist lines • King Charles XII -> loses war to Russia and Sweden becomes second rate

  11. THE OTTOMAN EMPIRE • Conquer Constantinople in 1453 • Attempt to conquer all of the Balkans • Sultan Suleiman the Magnificent 1520-1566 = the greatest of the Ottoman rulers • Conquer Yugoslavia in 1521/Hungary in 1526/attack Vienna in 1529 but fail • Major naval defeat – the Battle of Lepanto 1571 = limits Turkish naval power in Medit. • JANISSARIES – christian boys taken from parents -> converted to Islam -> trained from childhood to be the elite personal soldiers of the Sultan

  12. THE LIMITS OF ABSOLUTISM • Absolute monarchs were not able to establish absolute power • Local power was still mostly in the hands of the nobles • Landowning aristocracy was immensely powerful -> they limited what monarchs could do

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