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B L O O D

B L O O D. D R . S H A H A B S H A I K H. White Blood Cells. also called as LEUKOCYTES protect against disease interleukins and colony-stimulating factors stimulate development Total WBC count: 4000 – 11000 /cu mm. CLASSIFICATION: WHITE BLOOD CELLS. GRANULOCYTES NEUTROPHILS

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B L O O D

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  1. B L O O D D R . S H A H A B S H A I K H

  2. White Blood Cells • also called as LEUKOCYTES • protect against disease • interleukins and colony-stimulating factors stimulate development • Total WBC count: 4000 – 11000 /cu mm CLASSIFICATION: WHITE BLOOD CELLS • GRANULOCYTES • NEUTROPHILS • EOSINOPHILS • BASOPHILS • AGRANULOCYTES • LYMPHOCYTES • T-LYMPHOCYTES • B-LYMPHOCYTES • MONOCYTES

  3. Neutrophils • fine violet colored granules in acid-base stain • multilobed nucleus 2-5 lobes • 10 TO 12 µ DIAMETER i.e 2 X RBC • Also called as polymorphonuclear leukocyte • first to arrive at infections • phagocytic • 50% - 70% of leukocyte • elevated in bacterial infections

  4. Basophils • deep blue coarse granules • Bilobed nucleus • 8-10 µ DIAMETER i.e 2 X RBC • release histamine • release heparin • 0 to1 % of leukocytes

  5. Eosinophils • Coarse deep red granules in acid stain • bilobednucleus spectacle shaped • Size 10 TO 14 µ DIAMETER i.e 2 X RBC • 1% - 4% of leukocytes • elevated in parasitic infestations and allergic reactions

  6. Monocytes • largest blood cell • 14 TO 18 µ DIAMETER i.e 2-3 X RBC • Clear cytoplasm • kidney-shaped or oval nuclei • leave bloodstream to become macrophages • 4% - 8% of leukocytes • elevated in Typhoid fever, Malaria, Tuberculosis

  7. Lymphocytes • about the size of RBC • large spherical nuclei • thin rims of cytoplasm • T cells • B cells • important in immunity • 20% - 45% of leukocytes • decreased T Cells in AIDS

  8. Clinical Application Leukemia • Myeloid Leukemia • bone marrow produces too many immature granulocytes • leukemic cells crowd out other blood cells • anemia • bleeding • susceptible to infections • Lymphoid Leukemia • lymphocytes are cancerous • symptoms similar to myeloid leukemia • Treatments • blood transfusions • marrow transplants • anti-cancer drugs • stem cell transplants

  9. Body Defenses: Overview • Physical barriers: skin & epithelial linings & cilia • Chemical: acids, mucous & lysozymes • Immune defenses – internal • Innate, non-specific, immediate response (min/hrs) • Acquired – attack a specific pathogen (antigen) • Steps in Immune defense • Detect invader/foreign cells • Communicate alarm & recruit immune cells • Suppress or destroy invader

  10. Lymphatic System: Overview of Immune Defense Organs & Cells • Bone marrow • Thymus • Lymph nodes • Spleen • Lymph vessels • Leukocytes: • (white blood cells – WBCs)

  11. Lymphatic System: Overview of Immune Defense Organs & Cells

  12. Key Cells & Overview of their Function in Immune Defense Figure 24-4: Cells of the immune system

  13. Innate Immunity: Phagocytosis & Inflammation • Physical & chemical barriers • Phagocytosis: macrophages, neutrophils, NK cells • Engulf and digest recognized "foreign" cells – molecules • Inflammatory response

  14. Innate Immunity: Phagocytosis & Inflammation Figure 24-6: Phagocytosis

  15. Inflammatory Response: Cytokines Signal Initiation • Histamines: from mast cells  swelling, edema, b. v . dilation • Interleukins: fever, b.v. gaps  WBC's & proteins  infection • Bradykinin: pain & swelling • Membrane attack complex proteins

  16. Inflammatory Response: Cytokines Signal Initiation Figure 24-8: Membrane attack complex

  17. Acquired Immunity: • Activate T lymphocytes: direct attack • Activate B lymphocytes to become: • Memory cells: • Plasma cells: • Produce antibodies – attack the pathogen

  18. Acquired Immunity: Antigen-Specific Responses Figure 24-13: Functions of antibodies

  19. T Lymphocytes: Cell Mediated Immunity • T cell receptors: cell activated to antigen • Major histocompatability complex (MHC) • Helper T cells: • Cytotoxic T cells: perforins, granzymes, (apoptosis) & Fas

  20. T Lymphocytes: Cell Mediated Immunity Figure 24-16: T lymphocytes and NK cells

  21. Viral Defense: Summary of Innate & Acquired Responses • Circulating antibodies inactivate or target virus (opsins) • Macrophage  inflammation, interferon, cell activation • Helper, cytotoxic T, NK & B cells  plasma c. antibodies

  22. Allergic Response: Inflammation Reaction to Non-pathogen • First exposure: sensitization • Activation • Clone B cells • Form antibodies • Memory cells • Re-exposure Many antibodies Activated Ts • Intensified • Inflammation

  23. Autoimmune Diseases: Failure of “Self-Tolerance” • Some diabetes mellitus – attack - cells • Graves disease – mimics TSHhyperthyroidism • Multiple sclerosis – attack on myelin nerve sheath • Rheumatoid arthritis – attack joint cartilage • Myasthenia gravis – ACh-receptors at endplate attacked

  24. Summary • Body defends itself with barriers, chemicals & immune responses • WBCs and relatives conduct direct cellular attack: phagocytosis, activated NK & cytotoxic T cells and produce attack proteins (i.e. antibodies, complement, & membrane attack complex)

  25. Summary • Cytokines, communicate cell activation, recruitment, swelling, pain, & fever in the inflammation response • Defense against bacteria is mostly innate while viral defense relies more on acquired immune responses • Autoimmune diseases are a failure of self-tolerance

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