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Heat Transfer in the Atmosphere

Heat Transfer in the Atmosphere. Review. TEMPERATURE THE AVERAGE AMOUNT OF ENERGY OF MOTION OF EACH PARTICLE IN A SUBSTANCE. HEAT TRANSFER TYPES CONDUCTION = HEAT TRANSFER BY OBJECTS IN DIRECT CONTACT WITH EACH OTHER

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Heat Transfer in the Atmosphere

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  1. Heat Transfer in the Atmosphere

  2. Review • TEMPERATURE • THE AVERAGE AMOUNT OF ENERGY OF MOTION OF EACH PARTICLE IN A SUBSTANCE. • HEAT TRANSFER TYPES • CONDUCTION = HEAT TRANSFER BY OBJECTS IN DIRECT CONTACT WITH EACH OTHER • CONVECTION = HEAT TRANSFER BY THE MOVEMENT OF MOLECULES IN A FLUID • RADIATION = HEAT TRANSFER WITHOUT THE OBJECTS COMING IN CONTACT WITH EACH OTHER

  3. WHAT HAPPENS TO DENSITY WHEN TEMPERATURE INCREASES?

  4. WHAT HAPPENS TO DENSITY WHEN TEMPERATURE DECREASES?

  5. Changes in Phases of Matter TEMPERATURE AND ENERGY INCREASING Solid Liquid Gas TEMPERATURE AND ENERGY DECREASING

  6. Phase Changes

  7. Heat Transfer at the Molecular Level • MOLECULES WITHIN A SUBSTANCE TRANSFER THEIR HEAT ENERGY WHEN THEY COLLIDE WITH EACH OTHER • THE CLOSER MOLECULES ARE (more dense), THE FASTER HEAT ENERGY WILL BE TRANSFERRED • ASSUMING THAT THE DIFFERENT PHASES ARE MADE OF THE SAME SUBSTANCE, SOLIDS TRANSFER HEAT FASTEST, FOLLOWED BY LIQUIDS, AND GASES ARE THE SLOWEST

  8. Temperature vs. Density continued • EVEN WITHIN THE SAME STATE OF MATTER, WARMER SUBSTANCES EXPAND AND BECOME LESS DENSE THAN COOLER SUBSTANCES • HOT WATER AT THE BOTTOM OF A POT OF BOILING WATER RISES WHILE COOL WATER FROM THE TOP SINKS (CREATES CONVECTION CURRENTS) • THE EIFFEL TOWER IS 8 INCHES TALLER IN THE SUMMER THAN IN THE WINTER • WARM AIR RISES AND COOL AIR SINKS (CREATES CONVECTION CURRENTS)

  9. Convection Currents Underground MAGMA LOSES HEAT ENERGY TO THE CRUST AS IT PUSHES THE SURFACE PLATES As magma expands from the additional heat, it becomes less dense and rises to the surface As the magma cools, it contracts and becomes more dense so it sinks back toward the core MAGMA IS HEATED BY THE EARTH’S CORE

  10. Convection Currents in the Air THE WARM AIR COOLS AS IT RISES (TEMPERATURES IN THE TROPOSPHERE FALL AS ALTITUDE INCREASES) AS THE AIR IS WARMED BY HEAT RADIATING BACK FROM THE EARTH, IT EXPANDS AND RISES AS THE AIR COOLS, IT CONTRACTS AND FALLS BACK TOWARD EARTH’S SURFACE THE COOLER AIR RUSHES TO FILL THE VOID LEFT BY THE RISING WARM AIR (CREATING WIND)

  11. Temperature vs. Altitude • AS ALTITUDE INCREASES: • TEMPERATURE IN THE TROPOSPHERE DECREASES • TEMPERATURE IN THE STRATOSPHERE INCREASES • TEMPERATURE IN THE MESOSPHERE DECREASES • TEMPERATURE IN THE THERMOSPHERE INCREASES

  12. Why does Temperature Fall as you go Up in the Troposphere? • EARTH’S SURFACE IS HEATED BY RADIATION FROM THE SUN (SOLIDS AND LIQUIDS HEAT MORE QUICKLY THAN GASES) • AIR IN THE LOWER TROPOSPHERE IS WARMED BY HEAT RADIATING BACK OFF OF EARTH’S SURFACE • RADIATED HEAT IS TRAPPED BY “GREENHOUSE GASES” (MOSTLY CO2 AND METHANE) • GREENHOUSE GASES ARE FOUND IN THEIR HIGHEST CONCENTRATIONS CLOSE TO THE EARTH’S SURFACE • THERE IS NOT ENOUGH RADIATED HEAT ENERGY LEFT TO HEAT THE AIR IN THE UPPER TROPOSPHERE

  13. Why does Temperature Rise as you go Up in the Stratosphere? • UPPER LAYER OF STRATOSPHERE HAS HIGH CONCENTRATION OF OZONE (OZONE LAYER) • OZONE ABSORBS ENERGY FROM UV RADIATION FROM THE SUN • EXTRA ENERGY CAUSES MOLECULES TO MOVE FASTER AND COLLIDE MORE, WHICH LEADS TO HIGHER TEMPERATURES

  14. Why does Temperature Fall as you go Up in the Mesosphere? • The molecules in the mesosphere are spread very far apart (low density) • Despite its low density, it is still more dense than the next layer above it (the thermosphere) which is why meteoroids burn up from the friction here • AS A RESULT, THE MOLECULES DO NOT COLLIDE OFTEN • FEWER COLLISIONS OF MOLECULES RELEASES LESS HEAT, SO TEMPERATURES ARE LOWER

  15. Why does Temperature Rise as you go Up in the Thermosphere? • THE THERMOSPHERE IS THE OUTERMOST LAYER OF EARTH’S ATMOSPHERE SO IT IS SUBJECTED TO MORE DIRECT SOLAR RADIATION THAN ANY OTHER LAYER • THIS EXTREME RADIATION LEADS TO THE IONIZATION (LOSING AND GAINING ELECTRONS) OF MANY AIR MOLECULES • THESE IONS ARE RESPONSIBLE FOR THE AURORA BOREALIS (NORTHERN LIGHTS) • IONS TEND TO ABSORB AND CONDUCT ENERGY (INCLUDING HEAT ENERGY) VERY WELL SO THE TEMPERATURE RISES • BECAUSE THE DENSITY OF THIS LAYER IS SO LOW, YOU COULD ACTUALLY FREEZE TO DEATH DESPITE THE 1000oC TEMPERATURES (NOT ENOUGH MOLECULES TO TRANSFER HEAT TO YOUR SKIN)

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